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Turlings, Ted
Nom
Turlings, Ted
Affiliation principale
Fonction
Professeur.e ordinaire
Email
ted.turlings@unine.ch
Identifiants
Résultat de la recherche
Voici les éléments 1 - 10 sur 235
- PublicationAccès libreOdor-based real-time detection and identification of pests and diseases attacking crop plants(2024-07-29)
; ; ; ; ; ; ; - PublicationAccès libreEntomopathogenic nematodes as an effective and sustainable alternative to control the fall armyworm in Africa(2024-04-16)
; ; ; Joann WhalenThe recent invasion of the fall armyworm (FAW), a voracious pest, into Africa and Asia has resulted in unprecedented increases in insecticide applications, especially in maize cultivation. The health and environmental hazards posed by these chemicals have prompted a call for alternative control practices. Entomopathogenic nematodes are highly lethal to the FAWs, but their application aboveground has been challenging. In this study, we report on season-long field trials with an innocuous biodegradable gel made from carboxymethyl cellulose containing local nematodes that we specifically developed to target the FAW. In several Rwandan maize fields with distinct climatic conditions and natural infestation rates, we compared armyworm presence and damage in control plots and plots that were treated with either our nematode gel formulation, a commercial liquid nematode formulation, or the commonly used contact insecticide cypermethrin. The treatments were applied to the whorl of each plant, which was repeated three to four times, at 2-week intervals, starting when the plants were still seedlings. Although all three treatments reduced leaf damage, only the gel formulation decreased caterpillar infestation by about 50% and yielded an additional ton of maize per hectare compared with untreated plots. Importantly, we believe that the use of nematodes can be cost-effective, since we used nematode doses across the whole season that were at least 3-fold lower than their normal application against belowground pests. The overall results imply that precisely formulated and easy-to-apply nematodes can be a highly effective, affordable, and sustainable alternative to insecticides for FAW control. - PublicationAccès libreGlowing belowground : investigating the evolution and biological functions of "Photorhabdus" bioluminescence(2024)
; - PublicationAccès libreField evidence for the role of plant volatiles induced by caterpillar-derived elicitors in the prey location behavior of predatory social wasps1. One assumed function of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) is to attract natural enemies of the inducing herbivores. Field evidence for this is scarce and often indirect. Also, the assumption that elicitors in insect oral secretions that trigger the volatile emissions are essential for attraction of natural enemies has not yet been demonstrated under field conditions. 2. After observing social wasps removing caterpillars from maize plants in an agricultural field, we hypothesized that these wasps use HIPVs to locate their prey. To test this, we conducted an experiment that simultaneously explored the importance of caterpillar oral secretions in the interaction. 3. We found that Spodoptera caterpillars placed on mechanically damaged plants treated with oral secretion were more likely to be attacked by wasps compared to caterpillars on plants that were only mechanically wounded. Both of the the latter treatments were considerably more attractive than plants that were only treated with oral secretion or left untreated. Subsequent analyses of headspace volatiles confirmed differences in emitted volatiles that likely account for the differential predation events across the treatments. 4. These findings highlight the importance of HIPVs in prey location by social wasps and provide evidence for the role that elicitors play in inducing attractive odor blends.
- PublicationAccès libreSoil salinization effects on volatile signals that mediate the induction of chemical defenses in wild cotton(2024)
; ; ; ; ; - PublicationAccès libreCowpea volatiles induced by beet armyworm or fall armyworm differentially prime maize plants(2024-01-01)
; Exposure to herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) is known to enhance the defense responses in plants. This so-called priming effect has only been marginally studied in intercropping systems. We tested whether HIPVs from cowpea, which often serves as an intercrop alongside maize, can prime herbivore-induced volatile emissions in maize. Conventional volatile collection assays and real-time mass spectrometry revealed that maize plants that were exposed to HIPVs from cowpea infested with Spodoptera exigua caterpillars emitted more than control plants when they themselves were subsequently damaged by the same pest. The enhanced emission was only evident on the first day after infestation. Maize plants that were exposed to HIPVs from cowpea infested by S. frugiperda larvae showed no priming effect and released considerably less upon S. frugiperda infestation than upon S. exigua infestation. The latter may be explained by the fact that S. frugiperda is particularly well adapted to feed on maize and is known to suppress maize HIPV emissions. Our results imply that HIPVs from cowpea, depending on the inducing insect herbivore, may strongly prime maize plants. This deserves further investigation, also in other intercropping systems, as it can have important consequences for tritrophic interactions and crop protection. - PublicationAccès libreCan herbivores sharing the same host plant be mutualists?(2023-02-28)
; Yunhe LiResource partitioning is considered to be a prerequisite for coexisting species to evolve from competition to mutualism. This is uniquely different for two major pest insects of rice. These herbivores preferentially opt to coinfest the same host plants, and through plant-mediated mechanisms, cooperatively utilize these plants in a mutualistic manner. - PublicationAccès libreThe N‐terminal subunit of vitellogenin in planthopper eggs and saliva acts as a reliable elicitor that induces defenses in rice(2023-02-05)
; ; Yonggen LouVitellogenins (Vgs) are critical for the development and fecundity of insects. As such, these essential proteins can be used by plants to reliably sense the presence of insects. We addressed this with a combination of molecular and chemical analyses, genetic transformation, bioactivity tests, and insect performance assays. The small N-terminal subunit of Vgs of the planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (NlVgN) was found to trigger strong defense responses in rice when it enters the plants during feeding or oviposition by the insect. The defenses induced by NlVgN not only decreased the hatching rate of N. lugens eggs, but also induced volatile emissions in plants, which rendered them attractive to a common egg parasitoid. VgN of other planthoppers triggered the same defenses in rice. We further show that VgN deposited during planthopper feeding compared with during oviposition induces a somewhat different response, probably to target the appropriate developmental stage of the insect. We also confirm that NlVgN is essential for planthopper growth, development, and fecundity. This study demonstrates that VgN in planthopper eggs and saliva acts as a reliable and unavoidable elicitor of plant defenses. Its importance for insect performance precludes evolutionary adaptions to prevent detection by rice plants. - PublicationAccès libreA novel strategy to control the fall armyworm with entomopathogenic nematodes(2023)
; La chenille légionnaire d'automne (Spodoptera frugiperda, Smith ; Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) est une espèce d'insecte originaire des Amériques connue pour être un ravageur agricole majeur. Elle peut se nourrir d'une grande variété de plantes, mais elle est particulièrement dévastatrice pour le maïs. L'invasion récente de la chenille légionnaire d'automne en Afrique et en Asie provoque des ravages considérables dans la culture du maïs, entraînant une augmentation importante de l'utilisation d'insecticides synthétiques nocifs, dont l'efficacité est souvent marginale. Cette efficacité limitée est principalement due au comportement alimentaire spécifique de ces chenilles. Elles se trouvent principalement cachées en profondeur dans les feuilles enroulées du maïs, ce qui en fait des cibles difficiles pour les insecticides de contact conventionnels. En outre, la chenille légionnaire d'automne a rapidement développée des résistances à une large gamme d'insecticides synthétiques ainsi qu'à certaines toxines de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) couramment utilisées contre les insectes nuisibles dans certaines régions du monde. Des solutions de lutte efficaces, sûres et durables sont primordiales pour garantir la sécurité alimentaire et préserver les organismes bénéfiques, tels que les pollinisateurs, ainsi que l'environnement. Plusieurs agents de contrôle biologique, tels que les nématodes entomopathogènes, peuvent être très efficaces contre des chenilles, mais leur application sur les feuilles des plantes est difficile. Les nématodes entomopathogènes sont des parasites qui ciblent spécifiquement les insectes. Ils peuplent les sols du monde entier et sont couramment utilisés comme agents de lutte biologique depuis des décennies, notamment parce qu'ils ont la capacité de localiser activement, d'infecter et de rapidement tuer des insectes. En tant qu'organismes du sol, les nématodes sont particulièrement sensibles aux conditions abiotiques aériennes, et notamment présentes sur le feuillage, telles que la dessiccation et le rayonnement UV. L'objectif de cette thèse est de relever ces défis en explorant de nouvelles solutions pour appliquer et protéger les nématodes entomopathogènes sur les feuilles de maïs, afin d'assurer un contrôle efficace et durable de la chenille légionnaire d'automne. Nous démontrons dans les chapitres 1 et 2 que des nématodes isolés localement représentent d'excellents candidats contre la chenille légionnaire d'automne. Ils offrent également l'avantage d'éviter le risque d'introduction d'espèces exotiques dans une région cible, associé à l'utilisation de nématodes commerciaux souvent non indigènes. Dans le chapitre 3, nous explorons différentes méthodes de formulation des nématodes pour une application foliaire. Une formulation développée lors ce travail à base de gel de carboxyméthylcellulose s’est avérée très efficace, tuant 100 % des chenilles en laboratoire et réduisant de manière significative l’infestation des plantes lors d'essais préliminaires sur le terrain au Rwanda. Dans le chapitre 4, nous évaluons, au long d'une saison complète de croissance du maïs au Rwanda, l’efficacité de nématodes formulés dans le gel. Les résultats démontrent que, formulés dans le gel, les nématodes ont systématiquement limité les dommages aux plantes. En outre, ce traitement a été nettement plus efficace pour réduire l'infestation des plantes que la cyperméthrine, un insecticide couramment utilisé, et a conduit à une augmentation du rendement par rapport aux plantes contrôles non traitées. Enfin, nous avons démontré au chapitre 5 que l'ajout de substances naturelles et facilement disponibles dans le gel prolongeait la survie et l'efficacité des nématodes exposés aux rayons UV, et ceci à un coût abordable. Cette avancée pourrait se traduire par une efficacité accrue des nématodes dans des conditions agricoles réelles et contribuer à étendre l'utilisation des nématodes contre les ravageurs foliaires. Cette thèse démontre le potentiel des nématodes entomopathogènes natifs, isolés localement, pour lutter contre la chenille légionnaire d'automne et représente une étape vers la gestion durable de ce ravageur dévastateur. ABSTRACT The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, Smith; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an insect species native to the Americas known to be a major agricultural pest. It can feed on a large variety of plants, but is particularly devastating to maize. The recent invasion of the fall armyworm in Africa and Asia has wreaked havoc in maize cultivation, leading to a tremendous increase in the use of harmful synthetic insecticides, which are often only marginally effective. This limited efficacy is mainly due to the specific feeding behaviour of the fall armyworm caterpillars, which are mostly found deep within the wrapped leaves of the maize whorl, making them difficult targets for conventional contact insecticides. In addition, the fall armyworm has rapidly developed resistances to a wide range of synthetic insecticides as well as to some Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins commonly employed against insect pests in some regions of the world. Effective, safe and sustainable control alternatives are desperately needed to ensure food security as well as to preserve beneficial organisms, such as pollinators, and the environment. Several biological control agents, such as entomopathogenic nematodes, can be quite effective in killing armyworms, but their application on plant leaves is challenging. Entomopathogenic nematodes are parasites that specifically target insects. They live in soils around the world and are commonly used as biological control agents for decades, notably because they have the ability to actively locate, infect and swiftly kill insects. As soil organisms, nematodes are particularly sensitive to the abiotic conditions found aboveground and on foliage, such as desiccation and UV radiation. The aim of this thesis is to address these challenges by exploring novel solutions to apply and protect entomopathogenic nematodes on maize leaves to ensure effective as well as sustainable control of the fall armyworm. We showed in Chapters 1 and 2 that locally isolated nematodes represent excellent candidates against the fall armyworm. They also offer the advantage of preventing the risk of introducing foreign species in a target country, associated with the use of often non-native commercially available nematodes. In Chapter 3, we explored different methods to formulate nematodes for aboveground application. We found a here-developed carboxymethyl cellulose gel formulation to be quite effective, killing 100% caterpillars in laboratory conditions and significantly reducing FAW infestations in preliminary field trials in Rwanda. In Chapter 4, we showed that throughout a full maize growing season in Rwanda, nematodes formulated in the gel consistently limited plant damage. In addition, the nematode-gel was significantly more effective than the commonly used insecticide cypermethrin in reducing armyworms infestation. This led to an increased grain yield as compared to untreated control plants. Lastly, we demonstrated in Chapter 5 that the addition of affordable, readily available, natural substances to the gel formulation prolonged the survival and effectiveness of nematodes exposed to UV radiation. This could translate into an increased efficacy of the nematode-gel formulation in realistic farming conditions as well as contribute to expanding the use of nematodes against aboveground pests. This thesis demonstrates the potential of locally isolated entomopathogenic nematodes for fall armyworm control and represents a step towards the sustainable management of this devastating pest. - PublicationAccès libreSoil salinization disrupts plant–plant signaling effects on extra-floral nectar induction in wild cotton(2023)
; ; ; Luis Abdala-RobertsPlant–plant interactions via volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have received much attention, but how abiotic stresses affect these interactions is poorly understood. We tested the effect of VOCs exposure from damaged conspecifics on the production of extra-floral nectar (EFN) in wild cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum), a coastal species in northern Yucatan (Mexico), and whether soil salinization affected these responses. We placed plants in mesh cages, and within each cage assigned plants as emitters or receivers. We exposed emitters to either ambient or augmented soil salinity to simulate a salinity shock, and within each group subjected half of the emitters to no damage or artificial leaf damage with caterpillar regurgitant. Damage increased the emission of sesquiterpenes and aromatic compounds under ambient but not under augmented salinity. Cor- respondingly, exposure to VOCs from damaged emitters had effect on receiver EFN induction, but this effect was contingent on salinization. Receivers produced more EFN in response to damage after being exposed to VOCs from damaged emitters when the latter were grown under ambient salinity, but not when they were subjected to salinization. These results suggest complex effects of abiotic factors on VOC-mediated plant interactions.