Defossez, Emmanuel

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Accès libre
Odor-based real-time detection and identification of pests and diseases attacking crop plants
(2024-07-29)
Marques Arce, Carla C.
;
Mamin, Marine
;
Terunobu Akiyama
;
Röder, Gregory
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Kanagendran, Arooran
;
Kosuke Minami
;
Degen, Thomas
;
Genki Yoshikawa
;
Defossez, Emmanuel
;
Felipe Lopez-Hilfiker
;
Rasmann, Sergio
;
Luca Cappellin
;
Turlings, Ted
Plants respond to attacks by herbivores and pathogens by releasing specific blends of volatile compounds and the resulting odor can be specific for the attacking species. We tested if these odors can be used to monitor the presence of pests and diseases in agriculture. Two methods were used, one employing piezoresistive membrane surface stress sensors and the other proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry. Under laboratory conditions, both techniques readily distinguished between maize plants that were either undamaged, infested by caterpillars, or infected by a fungal pathogen. Under outdoor conditions, the spectrometer could be used to recognize plants with simulated caterpillar damage with about 80% accuracy. Further finetuning of these techniques should lead to the development of odor-sensing mobile devices capable of alerting farmers to the presence and exact location of pests and diseases in their fields.
Accès libre
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi prevent the negative effect of drought and modulate the growth-defence trade-off in tomato plants
(2022-6-6)
Orine, Dimitri
;
Defossez, Emmanuel
;
Vergara, Fredd
;
Uthe, Henriette
;
van Dam, Nicole M.
;
Rasmann, Sergio
Introduction A wide range of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be applied to agricultural soils as biofertilizers for increasing crop growth and yield. Current research also shows that AMF can stimulate plant defences against a range of herbivores and pathogens. However, to date, the efficient use of AMF in agriculture is largely impaired by our inability to predict the performance of different AMF-plant complexes in variable environments. For instance, AMFs by increasing plant foraging capacity might alleviate allocation constraints in relation to growth versus defences. However, whether this effect occurs might depend on the in situ conditions. The main goal of this study was to investigate the context-dependency of the ability of AMF to modulate plant growth and resistance against herbivores under variable soil water availability. Materials and Methods To address our goal, we performed a greenhouse experiment for measuring the effect of different AMF inocula (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus irregularis, or both) on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) growth and defences against an insect herbivore under two conditions: a normal watering regime or drought conditions. We measured the functional, physiological and chemical traits of the plants. Results We found that AMF presence generally decreased plant growth, but increased chemical defences and resistance against generalist caterpillars. Such growth-defence trade-off was nonetheless dependent on the identity of the mycorrhizal inoculum and on soil water content. Under drought, inoculated tomato plants lowered their investment to defence and noninoculated plants lowered their growth. Conclusion This study highlights the influence of abiotic factors and fungal identity on plant–AMF–herbivore interactions. In a broader sense, our results point to the necessity of finding AMF species that have reduced context-dependency to climatic factors, for more widespread use in organic agriculture.
Accès libre
Out of scale out of place: Black rhino forage preference across the hierarchical organization of the savanna ecosystem
(2020-3-6)
van der Westhuizen, Rickert
;
Defossez, Emmanuel
;
Glauser, Gaëtan
;
Rasmann, Sergio
Accès libre
Correlated induction of phytohormones and glucosinolates shapes insect herbivore resistance of Cardamine species along elevational gradients
(2019-6-22)
Robert, Christelle A M
;
Pellissier, Loïc
;
Defossez, Emmanuel
;
Moreira, Xoaquin
;
Pfander, Mark
;
Guyer, Anouk
;
van Dam, Nicole M
;
Rasmann, Sergio
Accès libre
The unfolding of plant growth form‐defence syndromes along elevation gradients
(2018-5-10)
Defossez, Emmanuel
;
Pellissier, Loïc
;
Rasmann, Sergio
Accès libre
Biological Control beneath the Feet: A Review of Crop Protection against Insect Root Herbivores
(2016-11-29)
Kergunteuil, Alan
;
Bakhtiari, Mojtaba
;
Formenti, Ludovico
;
Defossez, Emmanuel
;
Rasmann, Sergio

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