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Mercier, Stéphanie
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Mercier, Stéphanie
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- PublicationAccès libreJuvenile vervet monkeys rely on others when responding to danger(2023)
;Tecla Mohr; ; AbstractPrimate alarm calls are mainly hardwired but individuals need to adapt their calling behaviours according to the situation. Such learning necessitates recognising locally relevant dangers and may take place via their own experience or by observing others. To investigate monkeys alarm calling behaviour, we carried out a field experiment in which we exposed juvenile vervet monkeys to unfamiliar raptor models in the presence of audiences that differed in experience and reliability. We used audience age as a proxy for experience and relatedness as a proxy for reliability, while quantifying audience reactions to the models. We found a negative correlation between alarm call production and callers’ age. Adults never alarm called, compared to juveniles. We found no overall effect of audience composition and size, with juveniles calling more when with siblings than mothers or unrelated individuals. Finally, concerning audience reactions to the models, we observed juveniles remained silent with vigilant mothers and only alarm called with ignoring mothers, whereas we observed the opposite for siblings: juveniles remained silent with ignoring siblings and called with vigilant siblings. Despite the small sample size, juvenile vervet monkeys, confronted with unfamiliar and potentially dangerous raptors, seem to rely on others to decide whether to alarm call, demonstrating that the choice of the model may play an important key role in the ontogeny of primate alarm call behaviour. - PublicationAccès libreSocial influence on vocal communication in wild vervet monkeyBien que les singes vervets ont été étudiés depuis des décennies, avec d’importants travaux de recherches sur leur communication vocale et notamment sur leurs célèbres cris d’alarmes qui diffèrent d’un prédateur à un autre, un défi majeur persiste dans l’influence que possède leur environnement social sur la production de cris. Puisque la production de cris est toujours associée à des coûts, comme par exemple attirer l’attention des prédateurs, la théorie de l’évolution prédit que des cris sont produits quand ils avantagent celui qui les émet, soit directement en obtenant l’aide d’autres membres du groupe, soit indirectement en favorisant des proches ou d’autres individus avec qui ils partagent des liens sociaux forts. En se focalisant sur trois situations spécifiques, ce travail de thèse présente comment un individu peut maximiser les bénéfices en adaptant son comportement vocal en fonction des autres individus présents autour de lui. Par exemple, lors d’une rencontre entre deux individus, les singes vervets crient de manière stratégique. En s’adressant principalement aux mâles adultes lorsque la rencontre a lieu dans un environnement où le risque de prédation est élevé, les singes vervets réduisent les risques en augmentant la vigilance des mâles. De même, les cris produits lors de conflits diffèrent selon le rôle social du crieur (victime ou agresseur) et de l’intensité du conflit (faible ou sévère). Cette variation acoustique permet aux individus qui entendent les cris de réagir de manière adaptée, en venant aider le crieur seulement quand les bénéfices sont grands. Finalement, les singes vervets émettent des cris de protestation lorsqu’un individu ne respecte pas les attentes sociales du crieur. En effet, les singes augmentent leur production de cris lorsqu’ils se font approcher par un individu plus bas dans la hiérarchie que par un individu de plus haut rang. Cela leur permet d’assurer la stabilité de leur place sociale dans la hiérarchie du groupe. Les résultats de cette thèse soulèvent donc l’importance de l’environnement social sur le comportement vocal des singes vervets et démontre la nécessité d’inclure certains facteurs sociaux dans de futures études sur la communication animale. Finalement, les résultats sont discutés et ouvrent de nouvelles pistes pour des études futures, notamment sur l’utilisation de signaux multi-modaux, sur la combinaison de différents cris ou l’utilisation de cris comme moyen de déception.
Abstract Vervet monkeys have been studied for decades, with important work on their alarm calling behaviour and cognitive capacities, but comparatively little is known about how their vocal behaviour is affected by the social environment. Signal production is always linked to costs, including attracting the attention of predators. Evolutionary theory predicts that call production must confer some type of benefit to the caller, either by favouring the caller itself or important social partners, such as kin or strongly bonded partners. Identifying the benefit, thus, becomes equivalent with identifying the call’s function. The aim of this thesis was to investigate vocal communication of wild vervet monkeys in three specific situations. First, using natural observations, I examined the general pattern of grunt production, an acoustic greeting signal produced during close dyadic encounters. I found that grunts were produced in seemingly strategic ways, by drawing the attention of valuable partners in ways that increased the caller’s chances of survival in situations of elevated predation risks. Second, using natural and experimental situations, I studied the acoustic structure of screams given during agonistic interactions. I found that screams varied according to the identity and social role of signallers (aggressors vs. victims), as well as the severity of the conflict (mild vs. severe). I concluded that such information could be crucial for bystanders to take decisions as to whether or not to intervene in a fight. Finally, looking at competitive feeding situations, I examined subjects’ screaming behaviour when approached by other group members as a function of their presumed social expectations. Here, in addition to suggesting an understanding of social expectations from an early age, my results also suggest that only adult females appeared to have a fully developed awareness and will to recognise and protest against other group members that committed violations of physical and social norms. In sum, my results demonstrated that the social environment affected vervet monkey call production in three different social situations, highlighting the importance of the social context when studying animal communication. My results have some wider implications, also regarding the evolution of human language. Humans routinely make use of vocal behaviour to inform ignorant recipients of relevant external events, suggesting that research on audience-awareness, and social influence on vocal communication more generally, is essential in making progress in understanding human evolution. Finally, I discuss my findings in light of possible future investigations, such as the use of multi-modal signals, call combinations and deceptive signalling. - PublicationMétadonnées seulement