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Simona, Jehane
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Simona, Jehane
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- PublicationAccès libreLiving on the edge: analyzing economic vulnerability and quality of life in Switzerland in the early 2000'sCette thèse se concentre sur le concept de la vulnérabilité économique et principalement sur l’analyse d’un groupe, ou d’une position socio-économique spécifique de la population, à savoir les personnes vulnérables à la pauvreté. En effet, il existe de nombreuses recherches sur les personnes en situation de pauvreté ou celles concentrant le plus de richesses, mais celles qui souffrent à maintenir des conditions de vie décentes, sans aucune aide de l’Etat de droit, sont souvent oubliées par la recherche. La présente thèse analyse les effets de cette position sociale sur deux principaux indicateurs : tout d’abord le bien-être subjectif et ensuite la qualité de vie en temps de crises. La première partie de cette thèse explore la question de l’identification des personnes vulnérables à la pauvreté. L’emphase se situe clairement sur les différentes options qu’ont les chercheurs afin d’identifier, selon une approche quantitative, les personnes vulnérables à la pauvreté et ainsi mieux cibler ce groupe qui peut faire face à des difficultés pour maintenir des conditions de vie décentes. Ainsi, le premier article de la thèse compare quatre indicateurs que sont la pauvreté, la précarité, la privation et la vulnérabilité afin de montrer les différentes possibilités existantes pour identifier les personnes appartenant à ce groupe. La seconde partie de la thèse combine deux approches qui n’ont jamais été étudiées de manière conjointe, la vulnérabilité à la pauvreté et le bien-être subjectif. En effet, l’objectif est d’estimer si le bien-être subjectif de notre groupe d’intérêt, est différent ou similaire à ceux qui sont définis comme étant en situation de pauvreté et qui sont alors reconnus comme tels par la société dans son ensemble. Finalement, dans la troisième et dernière partie de cette thèse, notre attention se déplace sur des groupes vulnérables définis comme tels soit par la communauté scientifique, soit par les politiques publiques, et nous évaluons les impacts des crises économiques du début des années 2000 sur quatre indicateurs de qualité de vie. Ce troisième article combine alors des indicateurs subjectifs et objectifs et vient ainsi enrichir la littérature scientifique. La base de données utilisée pour les analyses effectuées dans le cadre de cette thèse est le Panel Suisse des Ménages (PSM). Cette base de données longitudinale a débuté en 2000 et contient de riches informations tant objectives que subjectives sur la situation des ménages en Suisse. Chacun des trois articles suit une méthodologie qui lui est propre. Le premier article compare quatre indicateurs et leur construction méthodologique, en vue de leur utilisation pour identifier les personnes vulnérables à la pauvreté. Le second papier utilise tout d’abord la méthode de la vulnérabilité à la pauvreté pour définir le groupe d’analyse et, ensuite, le bien-être subjectif est estimé grâce à un modèle de régression linéaire (OLS). Finalement, le troisième article utilise différents modèles (régressions binaires, modèles multiniveaux, modèles à effets fixes ou à effets aléatoires) afin d’estimer quels sont les groupes vulnérables touchés par les crises économiques, mais aussi s’ils existent un effet récurrent suite à ces deux crises proches dans le temps, sur quatre indicateurs de qualité de vie (deux subjectifs et deux objectifs). Les résultats montrent qu’il existe différentes possibilités pour identifier les personnes qui sont vulnérables à la pauvreté, mais que les indicateurs plus complexes, tels que la précarité prospère ou la privation matérielle semblent estimer une part plus importante de la population que les approches de la pauvreté relative ou la vulnérabilité à la pauvreté. Leur bien-être subjectif apparaît comme étant supérieur à celui des personnes en situation de pauvreté, mais la différence est faible. Ce groupe a donc une satisfaction avec la vie proche de celui des plus démunis au sein de la société. Finalement, l’analyse des effets des différentes crises économiques sur des indicateurs de qualité de vie pour les groupes vulnérables a montré que la première crise des années 2000 (la Dot.com Bubble) a eu un effet négatif plus important sur la qualité de vie de ces groupes que la Grande Récession. Les personnes qui connaissent de longues périodes de chômage, les familles nombreuses, les personnes avec un bas niveau d’éducation et les indépendants sont les groupes les plus affectés, en termes de qualité de vie, lors de crises économiques consécutives. Abstract: This thesis focuses on the concept of economic vulnerability and mainly on the analysis of a group, or a specific socio-economic position of the population, people vulnerable to poverty. Indeed, scientific literature has extensively investigated people in poverty or those with the highest concentration of wealth, but those who suffer to maintain decent living conditions, without any help from the welfare state, are often overlooked by research. This thesis analyzes the effects of this socio-economic position on two concepts: firstly, the subjective well-being and secondly, the quality of life in times of crisis. The first part of this thesis explores the issue of identifying those who are vulnerable to poverty. The emphasis is placed on the various options available to researchers to identify, using a quantitative approach, people vulnerable to poverty and thus, to better target the group that may face difficulties in maintaining decent living conditions. The first article of the thesis compares four indicators which are poverty, precariousness, deprivation and vulnerability in order to show the different possibilities that exist to identify people belonging to this specific group. The second part of the thesis combines two approaches that have never been jointly studied, the vulnerability to poverty and the subjective well-being. Indeed, the objective is to assess whether the subjective well-being of our interest group is different or similar to those defined as being in poverty and who are then recognized as such by the society as a whole. Finally, in the third and last part of this thesis, our attention shifts towards a set of vulnerable groups defined as such by either the scientific community or public policies, and we assess the impacts of the economic crises of the early 2000s on four quality of life indicators. This third article combines subjective and objective indicators and gives a clear overview on how vulnerable groups in Switzerland fared during the last two consecutive economic downturns. The database used for the analyses in this thesis is the Swiss Household Panel (SHP). This longitudinal database started in 2000 and contains rich information, both objective and subjective, about households living in Switzerland. Each of the three articles follows its own methodology. The first article compares four indicators and their methodological construction, in the perspective to use them to identify people vulnerable to poverty. The second paper first uses the vulnerability to poverty method to define the analysis group and then, the subjective well-being is estimated using a linear regression model (OLS). Finally, the third paper uses different models (binary regressions, multilevel models, fixed-effects and random effects) to estimate which vulnerable groups were affected by economic crises, but also whether there is a recurrent effect following these two crises close in time, on four quality of life indicators (two subjective and two objective). The results show that there are different possibilities for identifying people who are vulnerable to poverty, but that more complex indicators, such as the precarious prosperity or the material deprivation approaches, seem to estimate a larger part of the population compared to the relative poverty or vulnerability to poverty approaches. Their subjective well-being appears to be higher than that of people experiencing poverty, but the difference is very small. This group therefore has a satisfaction with life close to that of the most deprived in society. Finally, the analysis of the effects of the different economic crises on quality of life indicators for vulnerable groups showed that the first crisis of the 2000s (the Dot.com Bubble) had a greater negative impact on the quality of life of these groups than the Great Recession. People experiencing long periods of unemployment, large families, people with a low level of education and the solo self-employed are the groups most affected, in terms of quality of life, during consecutive economic crises.
- PublicationMétadonnées seulementFrom one recession to another: Longitudinal impacts on the quality of life of vulnerable groups(2018-6-1)
; At the beginning of the 2000s, Switzerland went through two global recessions: the Dot-com crisis and the Great Recession. Even though it experienced milder effects compared to its European neighbours, Swiss unemployment increased considerably compared to its status quo. This paper aims to explore the resilience of vulnerable groups to these economic downturns using both objective (income poverty and material deprivation) and subjective (wellbeing and satisfaction with the financial situation) indicators of quality of life. To analyse how quality of life evolved since the early 2000s, we use a longitudinal database: the Swiss Household Panel. When both objective and subjective indicators were used, our results suggest that the dot-com crisis had a stronger negative effect on vulnerable groups. This was particularly true with regards to single parents and large families who experienced a marked decline when assessed using objective indicators. Disadvantaged groups during the first crisis reacted in different ways during the second crisis. Some groups (the unemployed, the low-educated and the solo self-employed) experienced some scarring effects; others were resilient and continued with their normal trends (migrants and the young) or registered an improvement in their conditions (single parents and large families). Single parents are the group that performed better during and after the Great Recession according to both objective and subjective indicators. - PublicationMétadonnées seulement
- PublicationAccès libreThe Gender Gap in Mental Health: Immigrants in SwitzerlandIntroduction: Many aspects of health differ significantly between men and women, including mental health where there are pronounced differences. Women are more likely than men to seek treatment for psychological problems and depression. Main: In the literature, two broad explanations are offered for these gender differences. On the one hand, socio-economic factors such as the position in the labor market are highlighted. On the other hand, differences in mental health are associated with aspects of social capital, such as the support individuals receive from others. Immigrant populations are ideal to study these mechanisms, as they display great variance in both dimensions. Here we show that both mechanisms contribute to reported mental health. Discussion: Statistically speaking, socio-economic factors and the perception that one is in control of one’s life can explain substantial parts of the gender differences in mental health. Of the socio-economic variables, the most important covariates are the level of education and labor market status. Indeed, there does not appear to be anything particular about immigrant populations as is sometimes suggested in migration studies. Implications: These results follow that policies to alleviate the gender gap in mental health will probably be most successful if they focus on improving health and well-being generally rather than focusing on gender or being of immigrant origin. For immigrants and non-immigrants alike, this means facilitating labor force participation such as by aiding reintegration and training for low-skilled women.