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Clément, Fabrice
Nom
Clément, Fabrice
Affiliation principale
Fonction
Professeur ordinaire
Email
fabrice.clement@unine.ch
Identifiants
Résultat de la recherche
Voici les éléments 1 - 4 sur 4
- PublicationMétadonnées seulementEndogenous oxytocin predicts helping and conversation as a function of group membership(2018-7-4)
; ; ; ; Humans cooperate with unrelated individuals to an extent that far outstrips any other species. We also display extreme variation in decisions about whether to cooperate or not, and the mechanisms driving this variation remain an open question across the behavioural sciences. One candidate mechanism underlying this variation in cooperation is the evolutionary ancient neurohormone oxytocin (OT). As current research focuses on artificial administration of OT in asocial tasks, little is known about how the hormone in its naturally occurring state actually impacts behaviour in social interactions. Using a new optimal foraging paradigm, the ‘egg hunt’, we assessed the association of endogenous OT with helping behaviour and conversation. We manipulated players' group membership relative to each other prior to an egg hunt, during which they had repeated opportunities to spontaneously help each other. Results show that endogenous baseline OT predicted helping and conversation type, but crucially as a function of group membership. Higher baseline OT predicted increased helping but only between in-group players, as well as decreased discussion about individuals’ goals between in-group players but conversely more of such discussion between out-group players. Subsequently, behaviour but not conversation during the hunt predicted change in OT, in that out-group members who did not help showed a decrease in OT from baseline levels. In sum, endogenous OT predicts helping behaviour and conversation, importantly as a function of group membership, and this effect occurs in parallel to uniquely human cognitive processes. - PublicationAccès libreEndogenous oxytocin predicts helping and conversation as a function of group membership.(2018-07-04T00:00:00Z)
; ; ; Humans cooperate with unrelated individuals to an extent that far outstrips any other species. We also display extreme variation in decisions about whether to cooperate or not, and the mechanisms driving this variation remain an open question across the behavioural sciences. One candidate mechanism underlying this variation in cooperation is the evolutionary ancient neurohormone oxytocin (OT). As current research focuses on artificial administration of OT in asocial tasks, little is known about how the hormone in its naturally occurring state actually impacts behaviour in social interactions. Using a new optimal foraging paradigm, the 'egg hunt', we assessed the association of endogenous OT with helping behaviour and conversation. We manipulated players' group membership relative to each other prior to an egg hunt, during which they had repeated opportunities to spontaneously help each other. Results show that endogenous baseline OT predicted helping and conversation type, but crucially as a function of group membership. Higher baseline OT predicted increased helping but only between in-group players, as well as decreased discussion about individuals' goals between in-group players but conversely more of such discussion between out-group players. Subsequently, behaviour but not conversation during the hunt predicted change in OT, in that out-group members who did not help showed a decrease in OT from baseline levels. In sum, endogenous OT predicts helping behaviour and conversation, importantly as a function of group membership, and this effect occurs in parallel to uniquely human cognitive processes. - PublicationAccès libreThe language of cooperation: shared intentionality drives variation in helping as a function of group membership(2017-8-27)
; ; While we know that the degree to which humans are able to cooperate is unrivalled by other species, the variation humans actually display in their cooperative behaviour has yet to be fully explained. This may be because research based on experimental game-theoretical studies neglects fundamental aspects of human sociality and psychology, namely social interaction and language. Using a newoptimal foraging game loosely modelled on the prisoner’s dilemma, the Egg Hunt, we categorized players as either in-group or out-group to each other and studied their spontaneous language usage while they made interactive, potentially cooperative decisions. Both shared group membership and the possibility to talk led to increased cooperation and overall success in the hunt. Notably, analysis of players’ conversations showed that in-group members engaged more in shared intentionality, the human ability to both mentally represent and then adopt another’s goal, whereas out-group members discussed individual goals more. Females also helped more and displayed more shared intentionality in discussions than males. Crucially, we show that shared intentionality was the mechanism driving the increase in helping between in-group players over out-group players at a cost to themselves. By studying spontaneous language during social interactions and isolating shared intentionality as the mechanism underlying successful cooperation, the current results point to a probable psychological source of the variation in cooperation humans display. - PublicationAccès libreLe développement de la confiance épistémique chez les jeunes enfants:: les enfants utilisent-ils le genre et l'âge de leurs sources informationnelles pour acquérir de nouvelles connaissances?(2016)
; ; ; ; Van der Henst, Jean-BaptisteComment les jeunes enfants apprennent-ils d’autrui via le canal de la communication et comment contrôlent-ils les témoignages transmis par leur environnement social? Les recherches expérimentales de notre thèse de doctorat visent, d’une part, à mettre en évidence que, si le canal communicationnel constitue un moyen rapide et efficace d’augmenter leur stock de connaissances, les enfants sont pourtant peu enclins à considérer comme vraie une représentation qui leur est communiquée si celle-ci entre en conflit avec leur propre perception ou avec des connaissances préalablement stockées en mémoire. D’autre part, nos recherches empiriques ont l’originalité d’examiner le développement de la confiance épistémique sélective lorsque les enfants ne peuvent comparer l’information transmise avec leur propre background informationnel. Se basent-ils, dans ces conditions, sur des indices de nature sociale pour attribuer leur confiance? Si nos recherches empiriques se focalisent sur le développement de la confiance épistémique chez les enfants, un travail théorique propose en préambule une perspective intégrée de la confiance épistémique, avec l’hypothèse que différents types de mécanismes, tant de « bas niveau », suggérant un traitement quasi-automatique et très élémentaire de l’information, que de « haut niveau », soit plutôt réflexifs, participent aux prises de décisions fiduciaires. La confiance épistémique est ensuite discutée à la lumière du contexte de l’évolution de la communication, puis un état de l’art de la littérature spécialisée met en évidence comment et à quel moment les mécanismes de sélection des informations, définis en termes de mécanismes de vigilance épistémique, se développent chez les enfants. Notre partie empirique se destine à poursuivre ces travaux. Une première étude examine si l’âge de la source influence la confiance que va attribuer l’enfant pour acquérir une nouvelle information et dans quelle mesure cette attribution évolue entre l’âge de 2.5 et 5 ans. Un conflit entre l’indice de l’âge et de la fiabilité de la source est ensuite introduit, afin d’examiner si les préférences basées sur une même appartenance sociale sont robustes lorsque l’informateur similaire est étiqueté préalablement comme non fiable. Une deuxième étude examine ensuite l’influence de l'indice du genre, avec les mêmes questionnements sous‐jacents. Les résultats des deux études mettent en évidence que les enfants utilisent l’âge et le genre de la source lorsqu’ils ne disposent pas d’informations soulignant une différence de fiabilité entre celles-ci. Toutefois, ces indices ne sont pas utilisés systématiquement et leur utilisation diffère chez les enfants de 3, 4 ou 5 ans. En revanche, leurs résultats sont plus homogènes lorsqu’ils reçoivent des informations indiquant que la source à l’âge ou au genre similaire n’a pas eu d’accès informationnel. Dans ce cas, les enfants rejettent très clairement son témoignage autour de l’âge de 40 mois. Les enfants en-dessous de cet âge prennent également en compte l’accès informationnel des sources, mais de manière moins systématique. Nous proposons par conséquent certaines pistes développementales pour expliquer pourquoi les enfants les plus jeunes rencontrent encore des difficultés à sélectionner clairement la source fiable. Nous concluons ce travail en mettant en évidence comment les recherches conduites sur l’influence du genre et de l’âge d’une source informationnelle peuvent également générer des réflexions intéressantes pour les secteurs éducatifs et scolaires., How do young children acquire belief and knowledge from others’ testimony and how do they monitor and select fundamental pieces of information to learn about the world? The first aim of this experimental research is to emphasis that preschoolers, from an early age, are able to acquire various information by others, displaying skeptical trust in testimonies and selecting reliable epistemic informants. But despite its utility, this monitoring strategy has a major limitation because children cannot always access epistemic reliability of their sources in order to gauge their trustworthiness. Under these conditions, do children monitor specific social cues to acquire selectively new information? Thus, the second aim of this research is to examine if preschoolers use age and gender cues to selectively choose their informants. While this research specifically focuses on children development of selective trust in others testimony, a theoretical work suggests in introduction an integrated perspective of epistemic trust, suggesting that trust is underlined by both low and high cognitive processes, involving reflective judgment as well as tacit filtering device. Then, this work presents evidence to consider trust as a product of the human cognitive evolution and highlights the major milestones of selective trust development, defined as vigilance epistemic mechanisms. Afterwards the wide variety of cues young children use when evaluating testimony is reviewed. Our empirical work aims to follow up on the ongoing studies. In two studies, this research investigates how young preschoolers, from 2.5- to 5-year-olds, use a social cue (age for Study 1 and gender for Study 2) in the absence of other epistemic cue. Then, these studies combine a social cue with an epistemic cue (visual access) in order to examine if children social preference for similar sources weights more than their epistemic reliability. Both studies show that preschoolers use social cues as age and gender in the absence of other epistemic cues. However, both cues are not equally used by children and developmental differences were underlined. By contrast, results are more homogenous when an epistemic cue conflicts with a social cue. In fact, a key result is that preschoolers, as young as 40 months, are systematically able to give more weight to an epistemic cue than to a social cue when evaluating testimony. However, some children under 40 months did not clearly favor the epistemic cue, although they took it into account. We suggest some cognitive developmental issues to explain why they are sometimes unable to adequately select the testimony of the reliable informant. Finally, we connect the results of the studies with educational and scholar practical fields.