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  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Anticancer Activity of Cationic Arene Ruthenium Metallarectangles
    (2009)
    Mattsson, Johan
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    Govindaswamy, Padavattan
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    Renfrew, Anna K.
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    Dyson, Paul J.
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    Stepnicka, Petr
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    Cationic arene ruthenium-based tetranuclear complexes comprising rectangular structures have been obtained from the dinuclear arene ruthenium complexes [Ru2(arene)2(OO?OO)2Cl2] (arene = p-cymene, hexamethylbenzene; OO?OO = 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinonato, 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinonato) by reaction with pyrazine or bipyridine linkers (N?N = pyrazine, 4,4'-bipyridine, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene) in methanol in the presence of AgO3SCF3, forming tetranuclear cations of general formula [Ru4(arene)4(N?N)2(OO?OO)2]4+. All complexes were isolated in good yield as triflate salts and were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy and studied by cyclic voltammetry. The cytotoxicities of the water-sol. compds. of the 4,4'-bipyridine and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene series have been established using ovarian A2780 cancer cells. The large rectangles incorporating 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene linkers are ca. 5 times more cytotoxic (IC50 ? 6 ?M) than the 4,4'-bipyridine-contg. cations (IC50 ? 30 ?M). Structural characterization by x-ray diffraction of two representative compds., i.e., the triflate salts of [Ru4(hexamethylbenzene)4(4,4'-bipyridine)2(2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinonato)2]4+and [Ru4(hexamethylbenzene)4(1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene)2(2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinonato)2]4+, reveals differently sized cavities, different flexibilities, and different packing arrangements, suggesting a correlation between these structural properties and the obsd. cytotoxicities. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    The "complex-in-a-complex" cations [(acac)2M?Ru6-(p-iPrC6H4Me)6(tpt)2(dhbq)3]6+: a trojan horse for cancer cells
    (2008) ; ;
    Govindaswamy, Padavattan
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    Renfrew, Anna K.
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    Dyson, Paul J.
    The cytotoxicities of the large cationic arene-ruthenium prismatic cage [Ru6(p-iPrC6H4Me)6(tpt)2(dhbq)3]6+ (tpt = 2,4,6-tris(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine, dhbq = 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinolato; 16+), and its "complex-in-a-complex" derivs. [(acac)2M-1]6+ (M = Pd, Pt; acac = acetylacetonate), are evaluated in comparison with free [M(acac)2]. The differences in cytotoxicity suggest that, like a "Trojan Horse", leaching of the guest from the cage once inside a cell accelerates and increases the cytotoxic effect. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    Encapsulation of Aromatic Molecules in Hexanuclear Arene Ruthenium Cages: A Strategy to Build Up Organometallic Carceplex Prisms with a Dangling Arm Standing Out
    (2008)
    Mattsson, Johan
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    Govindaswamy, Padavattan
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    Furrer, Julien
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    Sei, Yoshihisa
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    Yamaguchi, Kentaro
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    Self-assembly of 2,4,6-tris(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (tpt) subunits with p-cymene (p-PriC6H4Me) or hexamethylbenzene (C6Me6) Ru building blocks and 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinonato (dhbq) or 2,5-dihchloro-3,6-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinonato (dchq) bridges affords the triangular prismatic organometallic cations [Ru6(p-PriC6H4Me)6(tpt)2(dhbq)3]6+ ([1]6+), [Ru6(p-PriC6H4Me)6(tpt)2(dchq)3]6+ ([2]6+), [Ru6(C6Me6)6(tpt)2(dhbq)3]6+ ([3]6+), and [Ru6(C6Me6)6(tpt)2(dchq)3]6+ ([4]6+). These hexanuclear cationic cages are isolated in good yield as their triflate salts. The assembly of 1-4 can also be achieved in the presence of large arom. mols. such as pyrene, fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene, triphenylene, or coronene to give the corresponding inclusion systems [arom.?1]6+, [arom.?2]6+, [arom.?3]6+, and [arom.?4]6+. The closed proximity of the encapsulated mol. with the different components of the cage and the carceplex nature of these systems are confirmed by 1-dimensional ROESY 1H NMR expts., mass spectrometry, and the single-crystal structure anal. of [pyrene?1][O3SCF3]6 and [benzo[e]pyrene?1][O3SCF3]6. Pyrene can be encapsulated even if it contains a functionalized aliph. substituent; in this case the arom. moiety is included in the cage, while the functionalized side arm stands out. Thus, Me 4-(pyren-1-yl)butanoate (pyrene-R) is encapsulated in 1 to give the carceplex [pyrene-R?1]6+, in which the Me butyrate arm dangles outside the cage while the pyrene moiety is firmly trapped by the metallo-prismatic cation, as demonstrated by 1H NMR expts. and ESI-MS. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    Ruthenium Porphyrin Compounds for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer
    (2008)
    Schmitt, Frederic
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    Govindaswamy, Padavattan
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    Ang, Wee Han
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    Dyson, Paul J.
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    Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne
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    Five 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TPP) areneruthenium(II) derivs., a p-cymeneosmium, a pentamethylcyclopentadienyliridium and a pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium analog were prepd. and characterized as potential photosensitizing chemotherapeutic agents. The dinuclear areneruthenium complexes [Ru(?6-arene)(?-Cl)Cl]2 (arene = C6H6, C6H5CH3, p-iPrC6H4Me, C6Me6, and 1,4-C6H4(COOEt)2) react with TPP in MeOH to give the corresponding tetranuclear complexes [Ru4(?6-arene)4(TPP)Cl8] (arene = C6H6 (1, 56% yield), C6H5CH3 (2, 70%), p-iPrC6H4Me (3, 70%), C6Me6 (4, 79%), 1,4-C6H4(COOEt)2 (5, 73%)). The dinuclear p-cymeneosmium complex [Os(?6-p-iPrC6H4Me)(?-Cl)Cl]2 reacts with TPP to form the tetranuclear areneosmium complex [Os4(?6-p-iPrC6H4Me)4(TPP)Cl8] (6) in 47% yield. The isoelectronic Rh and Ir pentamethylcyclopentadienyl derivs. [Rh4(?5-C3Me5)4(TPP)Cl8] (7, 73%) and [Ir4(?5-C3Me5)4(TPP)Cl8] (8, 83%) were obtained in MeOH from the reaction of [M(?5-C5Me5)(?-Cl)Cl]2 (M = Rh, Ir) with TPP. The mol. structures of 4 and 7 were detd. by x-ray crystallog. The biol. effects of all these derivs. were assessed on human melanoma tumor cells, and their cellular uptake and intracellular localization were detd. All mols., except the Rh complex which was not cytotoxic, demonstrated comparable cytotoxicity in the absence of laser irradn. The Ru complexes exhibited excellent phototoxicities toward melanoma cells when exposed to laser light at 652 nm. Cellular uptake and localization microscopy studies of [Ru4(?6-C6H5CH3)4(TPP)Cl8] and [Rh4(?5-C5Me5)4(TPP)Cl8] revealed that they accumulated in the melanoma cell cytoplasm in granular structures different from lysosomes. The fluorescent porphyrin moiety and the metal component were localized in similar structures within the cells. Thus, the porphyrin areneruthenium(II) derivs. represent a promising new class of organometallic photosensitizers able to combine chemotherapeutic activity with photodynamic therapeutic treatment of cancer. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    Encapsulation of triphenylene derivatives in the hexanuclear arene ruthenium metallo-prismatic cage [Ru6(p-PriC6H4Me)6(tpt)2(dhbq)3]6+ (tpt = 2,4,6-tri(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine, dhbq = 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinonato)
    (2008)
    Govindaswamy, Padavattan
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    Furrer, Julien
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    ;
    A large cationic triangular metallo-prism, [Ru6(p-PriC6H4Me)6(tpt)2(dhbq)3]6+ (1)6+, incorporating p-cymene ruthenium building blocks, bridged by 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinonato (dhbq) ligands, and connected by two 2,4,6-tri(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (tpt) subunits, allows the permanent encapsulation of the triphenylene derivs. hexahydroxytriphenylene, C18H6(OH)6 and hexamethoxytriphenylene, C18H6(OMe)6. These two cationic carceplex systems [C18H6(OH)6?1]6+ and [C18H6(OMe)6?1]6+ were isolated as their triflate salts. The mol. structure of these systems was established by 1-dimensional 1H ROESY NMR expts. as well as by the single-crystal structure anal. of [C18H6(OMe)6?1][O3SCF3]6. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    Mono and dinuclear arene ruthenium complexes containing 6,7-dimethyl-2,3-di(pyridine-2-yl)quinoxaline as chelating ligand: Synthesis and molecular structure
    (2007) ; ;
    Govindaswamy, Padavattan
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    Saeid-Mohamed, Cynthia
    The mononuclear cations of the general formula [(?6-arene)RuCl(dpqMe2)]+ (dpqMe2 = 6,7-dimethyl-2,3-di(pyridine-2-yl)quinoxaline; arene = C6H6, 1; C6H5Me, 2; p-PriC6H4Me, 3; C6Me6, 4) as well as the dinuclear dications [(?6-arene)2Ru2Cl2(?-dpqMe2)]2+ (arene = C6H6, 5; C6H5Me, 6; p-PriC6H4Me, 7; C6Me6, 8) have been synthesized from 6,7-dimethyl-2,3-di(pyridine-2-yl)quinoxaline (dpqMe2) and the corresponding chloro complexes [(?6-C6H6)Ru(?-Cl)Cl]2, [(?6-C6H5Me)Ru(?-Cl)Cl]2, [(?6-p-PriC6H4Me)Ru(?-Cl)Cl]2 and [(?6-C6Me6)Ru(?-Cl)Cl]2, resp. The x-ray crystal structure analyses of [1][PF6], [3][PF6] and [6][PF6]2 reveal a typical piano-stool geometry around the metal center; in the dinuclear complexes the two chloro ligands, with respect to each other, are trans oriented. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    Mono and dinuclear rhodium, iridium and ruthenium complexes containing chelating 2,2'-bipyrimidine ligands: Synthesis, molecular structure, electrochemistry and catalytic properties
    (2007)
    Govindaswamy, Padavattan
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    Canivet, Jerome
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    ; ;
    Stepnicka, Petr
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    Ludvik, Jiri
    The mononuclear cations [(?5-C5Me5)RhCl(bpym)]+ (1), [(?5-C5Me5)IrCl(bpym)]+ (2), [(?6-p-PriC6H4Me)RuCl(bpym)]+ (3) and [(?6-C6Me6)RuCl(bpym)]+ (4) as well as the dinuclear dications [{(?5-C5Me5)RhCl}2(bpym)]2+ (5), [{(?5-C5Me5)IrCl}2(bpym)]2+ (6), [{(?6-p-PriC6H4Me)RuCl}2(bpym)]2+ (7) and [{(?6-C6Me6)RuCl}2(bpym)]2+ (8) have been synthesized from 2,2'-bipyrimidine (bpym) and the corresponding chloro complexes [(?5-C5Me5)RhCl2]2, [(?5-C5Me5)IrCl2]2, [(?6-PriC6H4Me)RuCl2]2 and [(?6-C6Me6)RuCl2]2, resp. The x-ray crystal structure analyses of [3][PF6], [5][PF6]2, [6][CF3SO3]2 and [7][PF6]2 reveal a typical piano-stool geometry around the metal centers; in the dinuclear complexes the chloro ligands attached to the two metal centers are , with respect to each other, cis oriented for 5 and 6 but trans for 7. The electrochem. behavior of 1-8 has been studied by voltammetric methods. In addn., the catalytic potential of 1-8 for transfer hydrogenation reactions in aq. soln. has been evaluated: All complexes catalyze the reaction of acetophenone with formic acid to give phenylethanol and carbon dioxide. For both the mononuclear and dinuclear series the best results were obtained (50°, pH 4) with rhodium complexes, giving turnover frequencies of 10.5 h-1 for 1 and 19 h-1 for 5. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    Mono and dinuclear iridium, rhodium and ruthenium complexes containing chelating carboxylato pyrazine ligands: Synthesis, molecular structure and electrochemistry
    (2007)
    Govindaswamy, Padavattan
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    ; ;
    Stepnicka, Petr
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    Ludvik, Jiri
    Mononuclear complexes [(?5-C5Me5)IrCl(L1)] (1), [(?5-C5Me5)RhCl(L1)] (2), [(?6-p-PriC6H4Me)RuCl(L1)] (3) and [(?6-C6Me6)RuCl(L1)] (4) have been synthesized from pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid (HL1) and the corresponding complexes [{(?5-C5Me5)IrCl2}2], [{(?5-C5Me5)RhCl2}2], [{(?6-p-PriC6H4Me)RuCl2}2], and [{(?6-C6Me6)RuCl2}2], resp. Related dinuclear complexes [{(?5-C5Me5)IrCl}2(?-L2)] (5), [{(?5-C5Me5)RhCl}2(?-L2)] (6), [{(?6-p-PriC6H4Me)RuCl}2(?-L2)] (7) and [{(?6-C6Me6)RuCl}2(?-L2)] (8) have been obtained in a similar manner from pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (H2L2). Compds. isomeric to the latter series, [{(?5-C5Me5)IrCl}2(?-L3)] (9), [{(?5-C5Me5)RhCl}2(?-L3)] (10), [{(p-PriC6H4Me)RuCl}2(?-L3)] (11) and [{(?6-C6Me6)RuCl}2(?-L3)] (12), have been prepd. by using pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (H2L3) instead of H2L2. The mol. structures of 2 and 3, detd. by x-ray diffraction anal., show the pyrazine-2-carboxylato moiety to act as an N,O-chelating ligand, while the structure analyses of 5-7, confirm that the pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylato unit bridges two metal centers. The electrochem. behavior of selected representatives has been studied by voltammetric techniques. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    ?-Oxalato-?2O1,O2:?2O1',O2'-bis[(?5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonato-?O)rhodium(III)]
    (2007)
    Govindaswamy, Padavattan
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    In the title dinuclear rhodium complex, [(?-C2O4){(?5-C5Me5)Rh(O3SCF3)}2] or [Rh(CF3O3S)2(C10H15)2(C2O4)], the terminal trifluoromethanesulfonate ligands adopt a trans configuration with respect to each other and the Rh···Rh distances range from 5.5157(8) to 5.5389(6) Å. There are two and a half mols. within the asym. unit, one of the mols. lying on an inversion center. Interestingly, in one mol., the S-O bond of a coordinated O atom is shorter than the two S-O bonds of the non-coordinated O atoms, and the corresponding Rh-O distance is significantly longer than the other M-O distances. [on SciFinder(R)]
  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    Self-assembled chloro-bridged metallo-prismatic cations of the general formula [M6(?5-C5Me5)6(?3-tpt)2(?-Cl)6]6+ (M = Rh, Ir; tpt = 2,4,6-tri(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine)
    (2007)
    Govindaswamy, Padavattan
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    ;
    Two cationic pentamethylcyclopentadienyl metal-based hexanuclear complexes with trigonal prismatic architecture were synthesized through a two-step strategy. Dinuclear [M(?5- C5Me5)(?-Cl)Cl]2 (M = Rh and Ir) react with 2,4,6-tri(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (tpt) in CH2Cl2 to give trinuclear [Rh3(?5-C5Me5)3(?3-tpt)Cl6] (1) and [Ir3(?5-C5Me5)3(?3-tpt)Cl6] (2), resp. Addn. of Ag triflate to 1 and 2 in CH2Cl2 connects two identical triangular panels to form the hexanuclear metallo-prismatic cations [Rh6(?5-C5Me5)6(?3-tpt)2(?-Cl)6]6+ (3) and [Ir6(?5-C5Me5)6(?3-tpt)2(?-Cl)6]6+ (4), resp. Cations 3 and 4 were isolated as their triflate salts and characterized by 1H NMR, IR and UV/visible spectroscopy. [on SciFinder(R)]