Résultat de la recherche
Okay as a marker for coordinating transitions in joint actions: Effects of participant role and age in Swiss German and Swiss French interviews
Joint actions like everyday conversations feature the use of speech particles like back-channels or discourse markers to coordinate transitions from one part of the action to another. Transitions can be either horizontal (within tasks or subtasks; i.e., moving from one step to the next in a task) or vertical (between tasks or subtasks). In English, okay is typically used to coordinate vertical transitions. In institutionalized joint actions, okay is used especially by institutional representatives to manage the joint action. Little is known about these uses of okay in other languages, or about when okay may have diffused into those languages. We investigated the use of okay as a vertical coordination marker in Swiss German research interviews and Swiss French job interviews. Okay was consistently used as a vertical transition marker in both settings, especially by interviewers. Younger participants used okay more often than older participants. The findings suggest that okay may have diffused into other languages not only as a marker of agreement, but also as a marker for coordinating transitions.
International use of laughter in bonobos and chimpanzees?
Although laughter is generally associated with humor and was long thought to be uniquely human, growing evidence highlights its existence in other species like primates or rats. Research on nonhuman primates’ laughter emphasizes its emotionality and context-specificity as it mostly occurs during play or when tickled, whereas human voluntary laughter presents such functional flexibility that no classification system seems to exhaust its meaning. Although laughter is identified as a tool to coordinate joint actions by easing transitions between topics and by managing social relationships in humans, these patterns have not yet been investigated in other primates. Focusing on dyadic social play in two species of great apes, bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), we explore the interaction of coordination (transition between moments of an interaction) and social relationships (rank differences and social bond strength) in predicting laughter presence (1/0) and type (contact/non-contact). We show not only that laughter is used to reengage play in apes, but also that non-contact laughter seems to be a specialized coordination tool used to intentionally reengage play-activity in apes, almost absent at other moments of the interaction, be it during the Main Body or at other transition points. Rank differences and social bond strength did not however appear significant predictors neither of laughter presence nor of type. Although the same patterns were observed between species and although laughter quantity was not directly assessed, bonobos showed a higher propensity to laugh during the Main Body of the interaction and when reengaging play than chimpanzees.
Interconnectedness and (in)coherence as a signature of conspiracy worldviews.
Conspiracy theories may arise out of an overarching conspiracy worldview that identifies common elements of subterfuge across unrelated or even contradictory explanations, leading to networks of self-reinforcing beliefs. We test this conjecture by analyzing a large natural language database of conspiracy and nonconspiracy texts for the same events, thus linking theory-driven psychological research with data-driven computational approaches. We find that, relative to nonconspiracy texts, conspiracy texts are more interconnected, more topically heterogeneous, and more similar to one another, revealing lower cohesion within texts but higher cohesion between texts and providing strong empirical support for an overarching conspiracy worldview. Our results provide inroads for classification algorithms and further exploration into individual differences in belief structures.
Every product needs a process: unpacking joint commitment as a process across species
Nonverbal Behavior in Selection Interviews: Relation to Communion, Agency, and Interview Performance
Abstract: In selection interviews, applicant nonverbal cues elicit impressions that affect evaluations. However, little is known about which micro cues and macro impressions are impactful. The current study measured 21 micro and macro impressions and their influence on interview performance from thin slices of 70 videotaped structured mock interviews. Interview performance was positively associated with six macro impressions and with vocal attractiveness. Performance was negatively related to being anxious and facial attractiveness. Micro cues, overall physical appearance, and overall likability were not correlated with performance. Smiling and hand gestures were associated with macro impressions. Moreover, macro impressions combined into the Big Two dimensions of interpersonal perception, Communion and Agency, which both predicted interview performance.
The content and spread of conspiracy theories
La croyance aux théories du complot (TC) est associée à de nombreux préjudices sociétaux, notamment la violence, le refus des vaccins et l’extrémisme politique. Compte tenu de la vitesse et de l’intensité avec lesquelles les informations se propagent sur l’internet, il est urgent de comprendre ce que sont les TC et comment elles circulent. À travers quatre études, cette thèse de doctorat vise à atteindre cet objectif: comprendre le contenu et la diffusion des TC. Dans l’étude 1, nous avons développé le plus grand corpus de TC disponibleaujourd’hui, LOCO, qui permet d’explorer le contenu et la diffusion des TC. Une analyse du contenu linguistique a montré que les textes conspirationnistes sont axés sur la tromperie, le pouvoir et la domination. Les pages web conspirationnistes qui s’appuient sur un langage conspirationniste prototypique sont davantage partagées sur Facebook. Dans l’étude 2, nous avons constaté que les textes conspirationnistes sont plus interconnectés, plus hétérogènes sur le plan thématique et plus semblables les uns aux autres. Ces résultats ont apporté un soutien empirique solide à l’idée d’une vision globale du monde conspirationniste dans les récits conspirationnistes. Dans l’étude 3, nous avons développé des mesures pour évaluer les éléments de la pensée divergente et convergente dans les textes. Nous montrons que les textes conspirationnistes sont plus originaux, sémantiquement divergents et sophistiqués, mais moins adaptés à leur contexte et moins variables que les textes non conspirationnistes. Les résultats indiquent un déséquilibre entre la pensée divergente et la pensée convergente et peuvent expliquer l’accumulation de TC dans les systèmes de croyance des gens. Dans l’étude 4, nous avons conçu une étude de terrain pour comparer l’impact des médias sociaux et des biais cognitifs individuels sur le comportement de navigation en ligne vers des sites web classés en fonction de leur type et de leur force idéologique. Nous avons constaté qu’à mesure que l’idéologie conspirationniste des sites web augmente, la contribution des biais cognitifs individuels s’accroît au détriment du trafic provenant des médias sociaux. En résumé, les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de cette thèse ont des implications pratiques. En ce qui concerne le contenu des TC, la présence d’une mentalité conspirationniste qui émerge des textes représente une possibilité prévisible de développer des algorithmes pour la détection automatique des TC en ligne. En ce qui concerne la diffusion des TC, le fait de savoir que les biais cognitifs individuels favorisent l’accès aux sites web conspirationnistes suggère que les interventions au niveau individuel, telles que l’amélioration de la pensée critique, devraient être prioritaires dans la lutte contre la diffusion des TC. Belief in conspiracy theories (CTs) is associated with numerous societal harms, including violence, vaccine refusal, and political extremism. Given the speed and intensity with which information spread through the internet, there is a pressing need to understand what CTs are and how they circulate. Across four studies, This PhD thesis works towards this goal: understanding the content and spread of CTs. In Study 1, we developed the largest corpus of CTs available today, LOCO, that allows to explore the content and spread of CTs. An analysis of linguistic content showed that conspiracy texts are focused on deception, power, and dominance. Conspiracy webpages that rely on prototypical conspiratorial language are more shared on Facebook. In Study 2, we found that conspiracy texts are more interconnected, more topically heterogeneous, and more similar to one another. These results provided strong empirical support for an overarching conspiracy worldview in conspiracy narratives. In Study 3, we developed measures to assess elements of divergent and convergent thinking in texts. We show that conspiracy texts were more original, semantically divergent, and sophisticated, but less appropriate to their context and less variable compared to those in non-conspiracy texts. Results point to an imbalance between divergent and convergent thinking and may explain the accumulation of CTs within people’s belief systems. In Study 4, we devised a field study to compare the impact of social media and individual cognitive biases on online browsing behavior towards websites classified on ideological types and strength. We found that as the websites’ conspiratorial ideology increases, the contribution from individual cognitive biases increases at the expense of traffic from social media. In sum, results obtained from this thesis have practical implications. As for the content of CTs, the presence of conspiracy mentality that emerges from texts represents a foreseeable possibility to develop algorithms for the automatic detection of CTs online. In regard to the spread of CTs, knowing that individual cognitive biases drive access to conspiracy websites suggests that individual-level interventions, such as improving critical thinking, should be prioritized in the fight against the spread of CTs.
Awake together: Sociopsychological processes of engagement in conspiracist communities.
Research on conspiracy theories tends to frame conspiracy believers as isolated individuals falling prey to irrational beliefs caused by a variety of pathological traits and cognitive shortcomings. But evidence is accumulating that conspiracy theory believers are also linked together in social movements capable of effectively coordinated collective action. We propose that conspiracy theory beliefs evolve over time, as part of a process of increasing disengagement from mainstream groups, and concomitant engagement in a community of like-minded individuals, capable of coordinated collective action. This approach allows portraying extreme conspiracism as attractive not despite its apparent irrationality, but precisely because of it. As such, conspiracy theories could not only be conceived as "beliefs" but also as "social signals" advertising a subversive "counter-elite" posture.
Does Lexical Coordination Affect Epistemic and Practical Trust? The Role of Conceptual Pacts.
The present study investigated whether humans are more likely to trust people who are coordinated with them. We examined a well-known type of linguistic coordination, lexical entrainment, typically involving the elaboration of "conceptual pacts," or partner-specific agreements on how to conceptualize objects. In two experiments, we manipulated lexical entrainment in a referential communication task and measured the effect of this manipulation on epistemic and practical trust. Our results showed that participants were more likely to trust a coordinated partner than an uncoordinated one, but only when the latter broke previously established conceptual pacts.
Automatic identification of storytelling responses to past‐behavior interview questions via machine learning
AbstractStructured interviews often feature past‐behavior questions, where applicants are asked to tell a story about past work experience. Applicants often experience difficulties producing such stories. Automatic analyses of applicant behavior in responding to past‐behavior questions may constitute a basis for delivering feedback and thus helping them improve their performance. We used machine learning algorithms to predict storytelling in transcribed speech of participants responding to past‐behavior questions in a simulated selection interview. Responses were coded as to whether they featured a story or not. For each story, utterances were also manually coded as to whether they described the situation, the task/action performed, or results obtained. The algorithms predicted whether a response features a story or not (best accuracy: 78%), as well as the count of situation, task/action, and response utterances. These findings contribute to better automatic identification of verbal responses to past‐behavior questions and may support automatic provision of feedback to applicants about their interview performance.
LOCO: The 88-million-word language of conspiracy corpus.
The spread of online conspiracy theories represents a serious threat to society. To understand the content of conspiracies, here we present the language of conspiracy (LOCO) corpus. LOCO is an 88-million-token corpus composed of topic-matched conspiracy (N = 23,937) and mainstream (N = 72,806) documents harvested from 150 websites. Mimicking internet user behavior, documents were identified using Google by crossing a set of seed phrases with a set of websites. LOCO is hierarchically structured, meaning that each document is cross-nested within websites (N = 150) and topics (N = 600, on three different resolutions). A rich set of linguistic features (N = 287) and metadata includes upload date, measures of social media engagement, measures of website popularity, size, and traffic, as well as political bias and factual reporting annotations. We explored LOCO's features from different perspectives showing that documents track important societal events through time (e.g., Princess Diana's death, Sandy Hook school shooting, coronavirus outbreaks), while patterns of lexical features (e.g., deception, power, dominance) overlap with those extracted from online social media communities dedicated to conspiracy theories. By computing within-subcorpus cosine similarity, we derived a subset of the most representative conspiracy documents (N = 4,227), which, compared to other conspiracy documents, display prototypical and exaggerated conspiratorial language and are more frequently shared on Facebook. We also show that conspiracy website users navigate to websites via more direct means than mainstream users, suggesting confirmation bias. LOCO and related datasets are freely available at https://osf.io/snpcg/ .