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  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Tree identity and canopy openness mediate oil palm biodiversity enrichment effects on insect herbivory and pollination
    (2023)
    Kevin Li
    ;
    Ingo Grass
    ;
    Zemp, Clara 
    ;
    Hendrik Lorenz
    ;
    Lena Sachsenmaier
    ;
    Fuad Nurdiansyah
    ;
    Dirk Hölscher
    ;
    Holger Kreft
    ;
    Teja Tscharntke
    As the extent of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) cultivation has expanded at the expense of tropical rainforests, enriching conventional large‐scale oil palm plantations with native trees has been proposed as a strategy for restoring biodiversity and ecosystem function. However, how tree enrichment affects insect‐mediated ecosystem functions is unknown. We investigated impacts on insect herbivory and pollination in the fourth year of a plantation‐scale, long‐term oil palm biodiversity enrichment experiment in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Within 48 plots systematically varying in size (25–1600 m2) and planted tree species richness (one to six species), we collected response data on vegetation structure, understory insect abundances, and pollinator and herbivore activity on chili plants (Capsicum annuum), which served as indicators of insect‐mediated ecosystem functions. We examined the independent effects of plot size, tree species richness, and tree identity on these response variables, using the linear model for random partitions design. The experimental treatments were most associated with vegetation structure: tree identity mattered, as the species Peronema canescens strongly decreased (by approximately one standard deviation) both canopy openness and understory vegetation cover; whereas tree richness only decreased understory flower density. Further, the smallest plots had the lowest understory flower density and richness, presumably because of lower light availability and colonization rates, respectively. Enrichment influenced herbivorous insects and natural enemies in the understory to a lesser extent: both groups had higher abundances in plots with two enrichment species planted, possibly because higher associated tree mortality created more habitat, while herbivores decreased with increasing tree species richness, in line with the resource concentration hypothesis. Linking relationships in structural equation models showed that the negative association between P. canescens and understory vegetation cover was mediated through canopy openness. Likewise, canopy openness mediated increases in herbivore and pollinator insect abundances. Higher pollinator visitation increased phytometer yield, while impacts of insect herbivores on yield were not apparent. Our results demonstrate that even at an early stage, different levels of ecological restoration influence insect‐mediated ecosystem functions, mainly through canopy openness. These findings suggest that maintaining some canopy gaps while enrichment plots develop may be beneficial for increasing habitat heterogeneity and insect‐mediated ecosystem functions.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Landscape heterogeneity and soil biota are central to multi-taxa diversity for oil palm landscape restoration
    (2023)
    Vannesa Montoya-Sánchez
    ;
    Holger Kreft
    ;
    Isabelle Arimond
    ;
    Johannes Ballauff
    ;
    Dirk Berkelmann
    ;
    Fabian Brambach
    ;
    Rolf Daniel
    ;
    Ingo Grass
    ;
    Jes Hines
    ;
    Dirk Hölscher
    ;
    Bambang Irawan
    ;
    Alena Krause
    ;
    Andrea Polle
    ;
    Anton Potapov
    ;
    Lena Sachsenmaier
    ;
    Stefan Scheu
    ;
    Leti Sundawati
    ;
    Teja Tscharntke
    ;
    Zemp, Clara 
    ;
    Nathaly Guerrero-Ramírez
    Enhancing biodiversity in monoculture-dominated landscapes is a key sustainability challenge that requires considering the spatial organization of ecological communities (beta diversity). Here, we tested whether increasing landscape heterogeneity, through establishing 52 tree islands in an oil-palm landscape, is a suitable restoration strategy to enhance the diversity of six taxa (multi-taxa diversity). Further, we elucidated whether patterns in the spatial distribution of above- and below-ground taxa are related, and their role in shaping multi-taxa beta diversity. After five years, islands enhanced diversity at the landscape scale by fostering unique species (turnover). Partial correlation networks revealed that dissimilarity, in vegetation structural complexity and soil conditions, impacts multi-taxa beta diversity and turnover. In addition, soil fauna, bacteria, and fungi were more strongly associated with the overall community than aboveground taxa. Thus, strategies aiming to enhance multi-taxa diversity should consider the central role of landscape heterogeneity and soil biota.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Tree islands enhance biodiversity and functioning in oil palm landscapes
    (2023)
    Zemp, Clara 
    ;
    Nathaly Guerrero-Ramirez
    ;
    Fabian Brambach
    ;
    Kevin Darras
    ;
    Ingo Grass
    ;
    Anton Potapov
    ;
    Alexander Röll
    ;
    Isabelle Arimond
    ;
    Johannes Ballauff
    ;
    Hermann Behling
    ;
    Dirk Berkelmann
    ;
    Siria Biagioni
    ;
    Damayanti Buchori
    ;
    Dylan Craven
    ;
    Rolf Daniel
    ;
    Oliver Gailing
    ;
    Florian Ellsäßer
    ;
    Riko Fardiansah
    ;
    Nina Hennings
    ;
    Bambang Irawan
    ;
    Watit Khokthong
    ;
    Valentyna Krashevska
    ;
    Alena Krause
    ;
    Johanna Kückes
    ;
    Kevin Li
    ;
    Hendrik Lorenz
    ;
    Mark Maraun
    ;
    Miryam Sarah Merk
    ;
    Carina C. M. Moura
    ;
    Yeni A. Mulyani
    ;
    Gustavo B. Paterno
    ;
    Herni Dwinta Pebrianti
    ;
    Andrea Polle
    ;
    Di Ajeng Prameswari
    ;
    Lena Sachsenmaier
    ;
    Stefan Scheu
    ;
    Dominik Schneider
    ;
    Fitta Setiajiati
    ;
    Christina Ani Setyaningsih
    ;
    Leti Sundawati
    ;
    Teja Tscharntke
    ;
    Meike Wollni
    ;
    Dirk Hölscher
    ;
    Holger Kreft
    In the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration1, large knowledge gaps persist on how to increase biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in cash crop-dominated tropical landscapes2. Here, we present findings from a large-scale, 5-year ecosystem restoration experiment in an oil palm landscape enriched with 52 tree islands, encompassing assessments of ten indicators of biodiversity and 19 indicators of ecosystem functioning. Overall, indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, as well as multidiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality, were higher in tree islands compared to conventionally managed oil palm. Larger tree islands led to larger gains in multidiversity through changes in vegetation structure. Furthermore, tree enrichment did not decrease landscape-scale oil palm yield. Our results demonstrate that enriching oil palm-dominated landscapes with tree islands is a promising ecological restoration strategy, yet should not replace the protection of remaining forests.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Land-use trajectories for sustainable land system transformations: Identifying leverage points in a global biodiversity hotspot
    (2022)
    Dominic Andreas Martin
    ;
    Fanilo Andrianisaina
    ;
    Thio Rosin Fulgence
    ;
    Kristina Osen
    ;
    Anjaharinony Andry Ny Aina Rakotomalala
    ;
    Estelle Raveloaritiana
    ;
    Marie Rolande Soazafy
    ;
    Annemarie Wurz
    ;
    Rouvah Andriafanomezantsoa
    ;
    Harilala Andriamaniraka
    ;
    Aristide Andrianarimisa
    ;
    Jan Barkmann
    ;
    Saskia Dröge
    ;
    Ingo Grass
    ;
    Nathaly Guerrero-Ramirez
    ;
    Hendrik Hänke
    ;
    Dirk Hölscher
    ;
    Bakolimalala Rakouth
    ;
    Hery Lisy Tiana Ranarijaona
    ;
    Romual Randriamanantena
    ;
    Fanomezana Mihaja Ratsoavina
    ;
    Lala Harivelo Raveloson Ravaomanarivo
    ;
    Dominik Schwab
    ;
    Teja Tscharntke
    ;
    Zemp, Clara 
    ;
    Holger Kreft
    Finding entry points where policy has strong leverage to transform land systems for people and nature is pivotal. We develop an innovative framework to identify and evaluate such leverage points along land-use trajectories that account for path dependency. Applied to the biodiversity hotspot Madagascar, the framework reveals three leverage points: Two leverage points are associated with trade-offs between biodiversity, ecosystem services, and agricultural productivity, while the third entails cobenefits. Swift policy action is required, as path dependency caused by forest loss may soon put two leverage points out of reach. We argue that such closing windows of opportunity may be common, but often overlooked, calling for a wider consideration of path dependency in land-system science.