Résultat de la recherche
Time and Emergence in Grammar. Dislocation, topicalization and hanging topic in French talki-in-interaction
The patching together of pivot-patterns in talk-in-interaction: On ‘double dislocations’ in French
This paper investigates syntactic pivot patterns in French talk-in-interaction. In our data, pivot patterns recurrently amalgamate what has classically been called 'left dislocation' and 'right dislocation', as in the following: ça je vais les prendre les feuilles 'thesei I will take themi the papersi'. Here, the pivotal element (je vais les prendre 'I will take them') consists of a clause; the pre- and the post-pivot are each composed of an NP (ça and les feuilles, respectively) that is co-indexed by means of a pronoun (les 'them') within the pivot-clause. The paper investigates the interactional work that speakers accomplish through the [NP-clause-NP] pivot pattern. Results show that this pattern is routinized to different degrees for different interactional purposes: while speakers employ sedimented formats for proffering assessments, they configure the pivot pattern ad hoc for managing reference formulation. In the latter case, the pattern is patched together on-line, incrementally, following an emergent trajectory by means of which speakers respond to interactional contingencies on a moment-to-moment basis. We conclude that pivot patterns can be understood as processual products, adapted in the very course of their production to the contingencies of talk-in-interaction. As such, they are part of an emerging grammar for all practical proposes.
La projection en macro-syntaxe et en linguistique interactionnelle : dimensions théoriques et empiriques
Grammaire émergente, grammaire pour l'interaction : variations sur les constructions disloquées
L’avènement des travaux linguistiques portant sur l’oral, et sur l’interaction sociale notamment, a profondément changé la compréhension de la « grammaire ». Les pratiques langagières observables dans l’interaction révèlent que les locuteurs ne se comportent pas comme des robots qui reproduiraient des formes figées ; bien plutôt, ils s’orientent vers des « modèles » existants tout en les réinventant et en les adaptant aux contingences interactionnelles. Les constructions disloquées se présentent comme un cas exemplaire permettant de comprendre la grammaire telle qu’elle est localement configurée et modelée par les locuteurs selon leurs besoins interactifs. La réalisation effective des dislocations dans l’interaction répond à certains aléas qui conduisent les locuteurs à bricoler et (re)façonner localement ces formes dans un processus continuel d’adaptation en temps réel. Ce chapitre met en évidence le rôle structurant de l’interaction sociale sur les formes grammaticales en insistant sur le caractère hautement flexible du système linguistique. Il se veut une contribution aux discussions récentes sur la grammaire en tant que réservoir de ressources que les locuteurs utilisent, (ré)inventent et alimentent à toutes fins pratiques.
The grammar of closings: the use of dislocated constructions as closing initiators in French talk in interaction
Different grammatical shapes of turn-continuations in French: The case of right-dislocations and relative clauses
‘Pivotage’ in French talk-in-interaction: on the emergent nature of [clause-NP-clause] pivots
French talk-in-interaction shows a recurrent patterning of utterances that can schematically be presented as [clause-NP-clause], as in ellei va s’effacer l’imagei ellei va s’effacer (‘iti is going to fade away the image,i iti is going to fade away)’, where i signals co-indexicality. In this pattern, the NP represents a pivot element which together with the preceding clause can be heard as forming a right dislocation ([clause-NP]), and together with the subsequent clause can be heard as forming a left dislocation ([NP-clause]). One interactionally consequential feature of the [clause-NP-clause] pattern is that it organizes specific types of units in specific ways during the temporal unfolding of talk: It allows speakers to proffer two subsequent predications about the same referent, typically within one TCU, whereby the temporally second predication may be either identical (mirror image-like pivot patterns) or different from the first. We demonstrate that speakers use the [clause-NP-clause] pivot pattern to accomplish a set of interactional jobs related to the management of repair, to stance taking, to the progressivity of talk, and to issues of recipiency. We also show that, recurrently, the pattern is configured on-line, following an emergent trajectory which is adapted to local interactional contingencies; this is what we refer to as pivotage (‘pivoting’), i.e. the grammatical shaping of pivot patterns ‘in the making’. Based on these findings, we argue that the [clause-NP-clause] pivot pattern testifies to the adaptive, emergent and thoroughly temporal nature of grammar.