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Kessler, Félix

Nom
Kessler, Félix
Affiliation principale
Fonction
Professeur ordinaire
Email
felix.kessler@unine.ch
Identifiants
https://libra.unine.ch/handle/123456789/320

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  • Publication
    Accès libre
    The novel chloroplast outer membrane kinase KOC1 is a required component of the plastid protein import machinery
    (2017)
    Zufferey-Arias, Mónica Alexandra
    ;
    Kessler, Félix 
    Le chloroplaste est un organite essentiel de la cellule végétale, il est le siège de la photosynthèse. Un événement d’endosymbiose est à l’origine du chloroplaste : une cellule eucaryote primitive a ingéré une cyanobactérie photosynthétique. Pendant l’évolution, la majorité des gènes du chloroplaste primitif ont été transférés vers le noyau. Les protéines issues des gènes transférés avec succès, sont maintenant synthétisées par des ribosomes dans le cytosol et importées dans les chloroplastes. Les protéines destinées au chloroplaste (pré-protéines) acquièrent une séquence additionnelle clivable codant pour un peptide à l’extrémité N-terminal (séquence d’adressage). La séquence d’adressage est reconnue par la machinerie d’importation du chloroplaste qui initie le transport des pré-protéines. La machinerie d’importation consiste en un translocon situé dans la membrane externe/interne du chloroplaste (TOC/TIC) (Translocon at the Outer/Inner membrane of Chloroplast). L’importation de centaines de différentes protéines dépend des complexes TOC et TIC. Le noyau du complexe TOC est composé de trois protéines, les récepteurs GTPase Toc159 et Toc34 ainsi que le canal Toc75. Ensemble ils reconnaissent et transfèrent les pré-protéines à travers la membrane externe du chloroplaste. Toc34 et Toc159 qui sont exposés à la surface du chloroplaste, fonctionnent en tant que récepteurs et ont des domaines G (GTP-binding) homologues. En plus du domaine G, Toc159 possède le domaine A (acide) à l’extrémité N-terminal qui s’étend dans le cytosol et contrôle la spécificité du récepteur, et le domaine M à l’extrémité C-terminal qui ancre la protéine à la membrane. Toc75 appartient à la famille OMP85, protéines de la membrane externe des bactéries gram négatives. Dans les chloroplastes elles ont évolué pour fournir un canal de translocation de protéines à travers la membrane externe.
    Toc159 joue un rôle essentiel dans la biogenèse du chloroplaste. Les bases de données de phosphoprotéomique montrent que le domaine A de Toc159 est fortement phosphorylé. La protéine cytosolique caséine kinase II phosphoryle le domaine A in vitro. Toutefois d’autres kinases ayant la même fonction ont aussi été prédites. Tandis que la phosphorylation contrôle l’assemblage et l’activité des complexes d’importation de protéines dans les chloroplastes et les mitochondries, aucune kinase organite-spécifique n’a été identifiée jusqu’à présent. Par co-purification avec Toc159, nous avons découvert une protéine kinase dans la membrane externe du chloroplaste (KOC1 « Kinase at the Outer Chloroplast membrane 1 »). KOC1 est une protéine intégrale de membrane orientée vers le cytosol et associée de manière stable avec le complexe TOC. KOC1 phosphoryle le domaine A chez les membres de la famille Toc159 in vitro. Dans les chloroplastes des mutants koc1, l’efficience de l’importation des protéines a été réduite. Par ailleurs, les plantules koc1 ont un taux de survie réduit quand elles sont déplacées de l’obscurité à la lumière, quand une importation rapide des pré-protéines est nécessaire pour une biogenèse de chloroplastes complète. Nos résultats indiquent que KOC1 est un composant de la machinerie d’importation TOC en phosphorylant les récepteurs, en soutenant l’importation de pré-protéines et en contribuant à une biogenèse de chloroplastes efficiente., The chloroplast constitutes the site of photosynthesis and is an essential organelle in plant cells. An endosymbiotic event was at the origin of the chloroplast, an ancestral eukaryotic cell engulfing a photosynthetic cyanobacterium. During evolution, the majority of ancestral chloroplast genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus. The protein products of the successfully transferred genes are now synthesized by cytosolic ribosomes and imported into the chloroplast. The chloroplast destined proteins (preproteins) acquired an additional sequence that encodes a cleavable N-terminal targeting peptide (transit peptides). The transit peptide is recognized by the chloroplast import machinery, which initiates import. The import machinery consists of translocon complexes at the outer (TOC) and inner membrane of the chloroplast (TIC). The import of hundreds of different chloroplast proteins depends on TOC and TIC complexes. The TOC complex core contains three proteins, the GTPase receptors: Toc159, Toc34 and the channel Toc75, together they recognize and transfer the pre-proteins across the outer membrane of the chloroplast. Both Toc34 and Toc159 are exposed at the surface of the chloroplast, consistent with a receptor function, and have homologous GTP-binding domains (G-domain). In addition to the G-domain, Toc159 has a N-terminal A- (acidic) domain that extends into the cytosol and controls receptor specificity and a C-terminal membrane anchoring M-domain. Toc75 belongs to the OMP85 family that serves to integrate proteins into the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, in chloroplasts it has evolved to provide a protein translocation channel across the outer membrane.
    Toc159 plays an essential role in chloroplast biogenesis. Phosphoproteomics databases show that Toc159 is highly phosphorylated at the A domain. Cytosolic casein kinase II phosphorylates the A-domain in vitro, however other A-domain kinases have been predicted.
    While phosphorylation controls assembly and activity of protein import complexes in both mitochondria and chloroplasts no organelle-specific kinases have been identified so far. By co-purification with Toc159, we discovered "Kinase at the Outer Chloroplast membrane 1" (KOC1). KOC1 is an integral membrane protein facing the cytosol and stably associating with TOC. KOC1 phosphorylated the A-domain of Toc159 family members in vitro. In mutant koc1 chloroplasts preprotein import efficiency was diminished. Moreover, koc1 seedlings had reduced survival rates when moved from the dark to the light when protein import is required to rapidly complete chloroplast biogenesis. Our data indicate that KOC1 is a functional component of the TOC machinery phosphorylating import receptors, supporting preprotein import and contributing to efficient chloroplast biogenesis.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    A plant split-ubiquitin system and TAP-tagging to study in vivo protein interactions in the chloroplast protein import machinery
    (2008)
    Rahim, Gwendoline
    ;
    Kessler, Félix 
    Most chloroplast proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins in the cytosol. The import of these precursor proteins is mediated by molecular complexes located at the outer and inner membrane of the chloroplast. These complexes are called Toc (translocon at the outer envelope membrane) and Tic (translocon at the inner envelope membrane) respectively. In Arabidopsis, the Toc complex consists of three principle components: two homologous receptor GTPases, atToc159 and atToc33 and a protein-import channel: atToc75. During import, the two GTPases undergo complex interactions with precursor proteins and amongst themselves although precise mechanisms remain unknown. In vitro studies revealed that Toc159 and Toc33 interact with each other via the dimerization of their GTP-binding domain (G-domain). Moreover, the crystal structure of the pea Toc33 ortholog, psToc34 indicates that it can stably homodimerize via its G-domain. However, neither Toc159/Toc33 heterodimers nor Toc33 homodimerization have been demonstrated in planta. To get new insight into the in vivo interactions of Toc GTPases, we have developed a plant split-ubiquitin system. This method, originally developed for yeast, was adapted to study interactions between the Toc GTPases atToc159 and atToc33 in Arabidopsis and tobacco protoplasts. We also demonstrated that the peroxisomal membrane protein atPex11e, used initially as a model membrane protein in our system, self-interacts as does its yeast homolog. The plant split-ubiquitin system proves to be widely usable. Another approach of this thesis was to get more information on the import mechanism via the identification of interaction partners of the Toc GTPase atToc33. atToc33 and proteins associated were isolated from Arabidopsis plants, using the tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag. We proved that this technique is suitable to purify Toc33, which encourages us to purify Toc proteins and complexes at a larger scale.
  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    The function and diversity of plastid protein import pathways: A multilane GTPase highway into plastids
    (2006)
    Kessler, Félix 
    ;
    Schnell, Danny
    The photosynthetic chloroplast is the hallmark organelle of green plants. During the endosymbiotic evolution of chloroplasts, the vast majority of genes from the original cyanobacterial endosymbiont were transferred to the host cell nucleus. Chloroplast biogenesis therefore requires the import of nucleus-encoded proteins from their site of synthesis in the cytosol. The majority of proteins are imported by the activity of Toc and Tic complexes located within the chloroplast envelope. In addition to chloroplasts, plants have evolved additional, non-photosynthetic plastid types that are essential components of all cells. Recent studies indicate that the biogenesis of various plastid types relies on distinct but homologous Toc-Tic import pathways that have specialized in the import of specific classes of substrates. These different import pathways appear to be necessary to balance the essential physiological role of plastids in cellular metabolism with the demands of cellular differentiation and plant development.
  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    AtToc90, a new GTP-binding component of the Arabidopsis chloroplast protein import machinery
    (2004)
    Hiltbrunner, Andreas
    ;
    Grunig, Kathrin
    ;
    Alvarez-Huerta, Mayte
    ;
    Infanger, Sibylle
    ;
    Bauer, Jörg
    ;
    Kessler, Félix 
    AtToc159 is a GTP-binding chloroplast protein import receptor. In vivo, atToc159 is required for massive accumulation of photosynthetic proteins during chloroplast biogenesis. Yet, in mutants lacking atToc159 photosynthetic proteins still accumulate, but at strongly reduced levels whereas non-photosynthetic proteins are imported normally: This suggests a role for the homologues of atToc159 (atToc132, - 120 and - 90). Here, we show that atToc90 supports accumulation of photosynthetic proteins in plastids, but is not required for import of several constitutive proteins. Part of atToc90 associates with the chloroplast surface in vivo and with the Toc-complex core components (atToc75 and atToc33) in vitro suggesting a function in chloroplast protein import similar to that of atToc159. As both proteins specifically contribute to the accumulation of photosynthetic proteins in chloroplasts they may be components of the same import pathway.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    AtToc90, a New GTP-Binding Component of the Arabidopsis Chloroplast Protein Import Machinery
    (2004)
    Hiltbrunner, Andreas
    ;
    Grünig, Kathrin
    ;
    Alvarez-Huerta, Mayte
    ;
    Infanger, Sibylle
    ;
    Bauer, Jörg
    ;
    Kessler, Félix 
    AtToc159 is a GTP-binding chloroplast protein import receptor. In vivo, atToc159 is required for massive accumulation of photosynthetic proteins during chloroplast biogenesis. Yet, in mutants lacking atToc159 photosynthetic proteins still accumulate, but at strongly reduced levels whereas non-photosynthetic proteins are imported normally: This suggests a role for the homologues of atToc159 (atToc132, -120 and -90). Here, we show that atToc90 supports accumulation of photosynthetic proteins in plastids, but is not required for import of several constitutive proteins. Part of atToc90 associates with the chloroplast surface in vivo and with the Toc-complex core components (atToc75 and atToc33) in vitro suggesting a function in chloroplast protein import similar to that of atToc159. As both proteins specifically contribute to the accumulation of photosynthetic proteins in chloroplasts they may be components of the same import pathway.
  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    Protein translocon at the Arabidopsis outer chloroplast membrane
    (2001)
    Hiltbrunner, Andreas
    ;
    Bauer, Jörg
    ;
    Alvarez-Huerta, Mayte
    ;
    Kessler, Félix 
    Chloroplasts are organelles essential for the photoautotrophic growth of plants. Their biogenesis from undifferentiated proplastids is triggered by light and requires the import of hundreds of different precursor proteins from the cytoplasm. Cleavable N-terminal transit sequences target the precursors to the chloroplast where translocon complexes at the outer (Toc complex) and inner (Tic complex) envelope membranes enable their import. In pea, the Toc complex is trimeric consisting of two surface-exposed GTP-binding proteins (Toc159 and Toc34) involved in precursor recognition and Toc75 forming an aequeous protein-conducting channel. Completion of the Arabidopsis genome has revealed an unexpected complexity of predicted components of the Toc complex in this plant model organism: four genes encode homologs of Toc159, two encode homologs of Toc34, but only one encodes a likely functional homolog of Toc75. The availability of the genomic sequence data and powerful molecular genetic techniques in Arabidopsis set the stage to unravel the mechanisms of chloroplast protein import in unprecedented depth.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    The Novel Chloroplast Outer Membrane Kinase KOC1 Is a Required Component of the Plastid Protein Import Machinery
    Zufferey, Mónica
    ;
    Montandon, Cyrille
    ;
    Douet, Véronique 
    ;
    Demarsy, Emilie
    ;
    Agne, Birgit
    ;
    Baginsky, Sacha
    ;
    Kessler, Félix 
    The biogenesis and maintenance of cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts require the import of many proteins from the cytosol, a process that is controlled by phosphorylation. In the case of chloroplasts, the import of hundreds of different proteins depends on translocons at the outer and inner chloroplast membrane (TOC and TIC, respectively) complexes. The essential protein TOC159 functions thereby as an import receptor. It has an N-terminal acidic (A-) domain that extends into the cytosol, controls receptor specificity, and is highly phosphorylated in vivo. However, kinases that phosphorylate the TOC159 A-domain to enable protein import have remained elusive. Here, using co-purification with TOC159 from Arabidopsis, we discovered a novel component of the chloroplast import machinery, the regulatory kinase at the outer chloroplast membrane 1 (KOC1). We found that KOC1 is an integral membrane protein facing the cytosol and stably associates with TOC. Moreover, KOC1 phosphorylated the A-domain of TOC159 in vitro, and in mutant koc1 chloroplasts, preprotein import efficiency was diminished. koc1 Arabidopsis seedlings had reduced survival rates after transfer from the dark to the light in which protein import into plastids is required to rapidly complete chloroplast biogenesis. In summary, our data indicate that KOC1 is a functional component of the TOC machinery that phosphorylates import receptors, supports preprotein import, and contributes to efficient chloroplast biogenesis.