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  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Cross-sphere modelling to evaluate impacts of climate and land management changes on groundwater resources
    (2021-8) ; ; ;
    Rössler, Ale
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    Holzkämper, Annelie
    Climate change affects both water resources and agricultural production.With rising temperatures and decreasing summer precipitation, it is expected that agricultural production will be increasingly limited by drought. Where surface- or groundwater resources are available for irrigation, an increase inwaterwithdrawals for irrigation is to be expected. Therefore, quantitative approaches are required to anticipate and manage the expected conflicts related to increased water abstraction for irrigation. This project aims to investigate how agricultural production,water demand for irrigation, runoff and groundwater dynamics are affected by future climate change and howclimate change impacts combinedwith changes in agriculturalwater use affect groundwater dynamics. To answer these research questions, a comprehensive, loosely coupled model approach was developed, combining models from three disciplines: an agricultural plant growth model, a hydrological model and a hydrogeological model. The model coupling was implemented and tested for an agricultural area located in Switzerland inwhich groundwater plays a significant role in providing irrigationwater. Our suggested modelling approach can be easily adapted to other areas. The model results show that yield changes are driven by drought limitations and rising temperatures. However, an increase in yieldmay be realized with an increase in irrigation. Simulation results showthat thewater requirement for irrigation without climate protection (RCP8.5) could increase by 40% by the end of the century with an unchanged growing season and by up to 80%with varietal adaptations. With climate changemitigation (RCP2.6) the increase inwater demand for irrigationwould be limited to 7%. The increase in irrigation (+12mm) and the summer decrease in recharge rates (~20mm/month)with decreasing summer precipitation causes a lowering of groundwater levels (40 mm) in the area in the late summer and autumn. This impact may be accentuated by an intensification of irrigation and reduced by extensification.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    A Framework for Untangling Transient Groundwater Mixing and Travel Times
    (2021-2)
    Popp, Andrea L.
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    Pardo-Alvarez, Alvaro
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    Scheidegger, Andreas
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    Musy, Stephanie
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    Purtschert, Roland
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    Kipfer, Rolf
    Understanding the mixing between surface water and groundwater as well as groundwater travel times in vulnerable aquifers is crucial to sustaining a safe water supply. Age dating tracers used to infer apparent travel times typically refer to the entire groundwater sample. A groundwater sample, however, consists of a mixture of waters with a distribution of travel times. Age dating tracers only reflect the proportion of the water that is under the dating range of the used tracer, thus their interpretation is typically biased. Additionally, end-member mixing models are subject to various sources of uncertainties, which are typically neglected. In this study, we introduce a new framework that untangles groundwater mixing ratios and travel times using a novel combination of in-situ noble gas analyses. We applied this approach during a groundwater pumping test carried out in a pre-alpine Swiss valley. First, we calculated transient mixing ratios between recently infiltrated river water and regional groundwater present in a wellfield, using helium-4 concentrations combined with a Bayesian end-member mixing model. Having identified the groundwater fraction of recently infiltrated river water (Frw) consequently allowed us to infer the travel times from the river to the wellfield, estimated based on radon-222 activities of Frw. Furthermore, we compared tracer-based estimates of Frw with results from a calibrated numerical model. We demonstrate (i) that partitioning of major water sources enables a meaningful interpretation of an age dating tracer of the water fraction of interest and (ii) that the streambed has a major control on the estimated travel times.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Compound-specific carbon and chlorine isotope analysis of organic contaminants in soil and groundwater
    Les hydrocarbures aliphatiques chlorés et les hydrocarbures pétroliers aromatiques appartiennent au groupe des composés organiques volatils et sont fréquemment retrouvés comme polluants dans le sous-sol. Naturellement, leurs concentrations sont atténuées par la dilution, la sorption et la dégradation. Les approches classiques de l’hydrogéologie des contaminants sont souvent limitées en tant qu’outil de surveillance des processus d’atténuation, car elles exigent que les contaminants d’origine et les produits de dégradation soient correctement capturés par les méthodes d’échantillonnage et d’analyse. L’analyse des isotopes stables de composés spécifiques s’est avérée être un outil polyvalent pour suivre ces processus au cours des dernières décennies. La méthode ne repose pas sur des mesures de concentration. La dégradation entraîne un enrichissement des isotopes lourds dans les polluants d’origine et un appauvrissement dans les produits de dégradation. Outre les rapports isotopiques du carbone, d’autres systèmes isotopiques, comme ceux du chlore, peuvent être mesurés pour obtenir des informations sur les mécanismes. Alors que l’analyse des isotopes du carbone est bien établie dans l’évaluation de routine des sites contaminés, les études intégrant les isotopes du chlore ne sont devenues courantes que récemment. L’objectif de cet article était de démontrer le potentiel de l’analyse isotopique du carbone et du chlore de composés organiques spécifiques. Il se concentre sur les aspects analytiques, le fractionnement isotopique pour différents processus et les applications sur le terrain. Un article de synthèse donne une image complète du fractionnement isotopique du chlore des contaminants chlorés dans le sous-sol par différents processus et présente les techniques analytiques de l’analyse isotopique du chlore. Un résumé des applications de terrain réussies illustre le potentiel des données isotopiques du chlore. Les approches de la modélisation du fractionnement isotopique du chlore sont également discutées. Une méthode analytique a été mise au point pour réduire les limites de détection des mesures du rapport isotopique du chlore à la gamme sub-μg L−1 pour le tétrachloroéthène (PCE) et le trichloroéthène (TCE) en solution aqueuse par microextraction sur phase solide par espace de tête (headspace solid-phase microextraction, HS-SPME) en combinaison avec la chromatographie gazeuse couplée avec la spectrométrie de masse quadripolaire. Le nouveau système SPME Arrow avec un volume accru des phases sorptives a été utilisé. Les paramètres de la SPME ont été optimisés par un plan d’expériences afin d’obtenir une intensité maximale. Les paramètres de spectrométrie de masse et les schémas de calcul du rapport isotopique du chlore ont également été étudiés et optimisés. L’éventuel fractionnement isotopique du chlore pendant l’extraction et l’analyse a été pris en compte par un étalonnage en deux points avec des standards de référence externes. Des mesures précises de δ37Cl (écarts types inférieurs à 0.5‰) ont été obtenues pour des concentrations allant de 0.4 μg L−1 (PCE) à 0.8 μg L−1 (TCE). Une autre méthode analytique a été mise au point pour étendre le champ d’application de l’analyse des isotopes du carbone de composés spécifiques à des mélanges complexes de composés organiques volatils dans des échantillons de sol. Les méthodes d’extraction du sol ont été comparées et une méthode bidimensionnelle de spectrométrie de masse du rapport isotopique GC-GC utilisant la coupe à cœur a été développée. Une bonne séparation chromatographique pour les composés cibles dans des matrices difficiles et une grande exactitude (justesse et précision) pour l’analyse des isotopes du carbone ont été obtenues. En utilisant la concentration par purge et piégeage, de grands volumes de solvants d’extraction ont pu être analysés, ce qui a permis d’abaisser les limites de détection de la méthode d’analyse des isotopes du carbone de composés spécifiques dans le sol. Dans une étude de laboratoire, le fractionnement isotopique pendant la dégradation abiotique des éthènes chlorés a été étudié. Contrairement à de nombreux processus de dégradation biologique, des produits de dégradation non chlorés et généralement non toxiques sont formés au cours de la dégradation abiotique. Cependant, ceux-ci sont difficiles à détecter dans la pratique. Les pentes des enrichissements isotopiques du carbone et du chlore sont utiles pour étudier la dégradation abiotique par les phases ferreuses réactives naturelles sur les sites pollués. La dégradation des éthènes chlorés cis-1,2-dichloroéthène (DCE), TCE et PCE par le sulfure de fer(II) (FeS) a été étudiée. Le FeS s’est révélé réactif avec le TCE et le PCE, mais pas avec le cis-1,2-DCE. Les pentes des enrichissements isotopiques du carbone et du chlore ∆δ13C/∆δ37Cl étaient de 11.0 ± 0.8 pour le PCE et de 4.1 ± 0.2 pour le TCE. La pente déterminée pour le PCE est suffisamment différente des valeurs mesurées pour la biodégradation et peut donc être utilisée pour distinguer les processus de dégradation sur le terrain. Une étude de terrain a été menée pour étudier les effets de l’élimination des foyers de contamination sur la longévité des contaminants sur un site contaminé par un mélange complexe de benzène, toluène, ethylbenzène, xylènes (BTEX) et d’éthanes, éthènes et méthanes chlorés. Les profils de concentration du sol et des eaux souterraines dans le temps et l’espace ont été utilisés pour mettre en évidence l’importance de la diffusion vers l’avant dans les zones de faible perméabilité, de la dégradation et de la rétrodiffusion des contaminants d’origine et des produits de dégradation après l’élimination de la source de contaminants. L’analyse isotopique du carbone et du chlore de composés spécifiques des extraits d’eaux souterraines et de sols a montré que le chloroforme est dégradé par hydrogénolyse en dichlorométhane, tandis que le 1,1,2,2-tétrachloroéthane est dégradé en trichloroéthène et en cis-1,2-dichloroéthène. L’étude a montré le potentiel de l’analyse isotopique de composés spécifiques non seulement pour les échantillons d’eaux souterraines mais aussi pour les échantillons de sol. Le sol s’avère être une matrice importante qui influence souvent le devenir à long terme des contaminants. En résumé, les améliorations des méthodes analytiques et de la compréhension des processus de fractionnement isotopique présentées dans cette thèse apportent une contribution importante à l’analyse isotopique de composés spécifiques et peuvent faire progresser son application de routine dans la restauration des sites contaminés. Les approches développées et discutées ici peuvent être transférées à d’autres composés organiques et utilisées dans des études futures pour suivre les polluants organiques dans l’environnement.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Low-flow behavior of alpine catchments with varying quaternary cover under current and future climatic conditions
    (2020-10)
    Arnoux, Marie
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    Schlaefli, Bettina
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    Mott, Rebecca
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    Alpine environments are particularly vulnerable to climatic warming, and long term observations suggest a shift of snow-influenced river discharge towards earlier periods of the year. For water resources management, the seasonal patterns of discharge in alpine areas are particularly relevant, as the shift to lower flows in summer and autumn combined with increased water demand could lead to water shortage in downstream catchments. The storage of groundwater in alpine catchments could significantly modulate how changing climatic conditions influence the annual streamflow regime. However, groundwater storage and its buffering capacity in alpine areas remain poorly understood. Moreover, studies on how climate change will impact water resources in alpine areas rarely consider the influence of geology. In this paper, catchment geology is used as a basis for the classification of future summer low flows behavior of several alpine catchments in Switzerland. Based on the analysis of the relationship between low-flow indicators and geology, the role of unconsolidated quaternary deposits is explored. We show that quaternary deposits play a critical role in the seasonal storage of groundwater, which can contribute to rivers during lowflow periods. Three climate change simulations based on extreme RCP 8.5 scenarios are fed into a conceptual hydrological model to illustrate the buffering role of groundwater. Past and future low flows normalized by mean past and future streamflows appear correlated with the percentage of unconsolidated quaternary deposits. These results highlight that catchments with high groundwater contribution to streamflow relative to precipitation will have a slower decrease in future summer discharge. Therefore, we propose two indicators that can be used to anticipate the response of future summers low flows in alpine areas to climate change: the current winter low flows and the percentage of unconsolidated quaternary deposits of the catchments.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Snow cover monitoring by remote sensing and evaluating melting water efects on karstic springs discharges (a case study from Lasem area)
    (2020-5)
    Shamsi, Abdollah
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    Gholam Hossein, Karami
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    Snowfall is the dominant form of precipitation in high mountainous areas and its driving melt water has an indispensable role in the hydrological cycle and groundwater recharge, particularly in karstic landscapes with high infltration capacity. Monitoring snow cover area (SCA) and its melting process is essential for the investigation of climatic variables, hydrology, hydrogeology, and water resource management. Prodigious advances of satellite imaginary technology in the past decades made it possible to monitor spatiotemporal distribution of snow and its melting process. In this research, SCA was investigated using cloud-free images of Landsat-8 from December 2014 to June 2016 and Sentinel-2 from November 2015 to June 2016 at Lasem area (north of Iran) by normalized diference snow index. Simultaneously, the discharges of the main karstic springs were monitored over May 2015 to June 2016. The catchment subdivided into three sub-zones based on the hydrogeological characteristics and snow melting time. Fractional SCA time series within each subdomain used to develop snow melting curve in each subzone. Comparison of melting peaks between the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 water years shows that melting shifted in average 20 days later in 2016 at north-facing subdomains. North-facing slopes show quite fast transmitting time (20–35 days) of the peak snowmelt to the springs, while the south-facing springs are more silent to the recharge pulses (70–80 days), indicating a higher degree of karstifcation in north-facing domains. More concentrated snowmelt in 2016 led to increasing peak fow by an average of 15% in the springs fed by north-facing domains.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Influence of surface water – groundwater interactions on the spatial distribution of pesticide metabolites in groundwater
    In groundwater, pesticidemetabolites tend to occurmore frequently and at higher concentrations than their parent pesticides, due to their highermobility and persistence. These properties might also favor their transfer across surface water – groundwater interfaces. However, the effect of surface water – groundwater interactions on the metabolite occurrence in groundwater and pumpingwells has so far received little attention.Weinvestigated the spatial distribution of metabolites in an unconsolidated aquifer, which interacts with two surface water bodies originating from catchments with contrasting land use. We focused onmetabolites of the herbicide chloridazon, namely desphenyl-chloridazon (DPC) and methyl-desphenyl-chloridazon (MDPC) and characterized surface water – groundwater interactions with various environmental tracers (e.g. electrical conductivity, stable water isotopes,wastewater tracers). In zones influenced by a river fromamountainous area,metabolite concentrations were low(median values ≤0.50 μg L−1 for DPC, ≤0.19 μg L−1 forMDPC). In contrast, high concentrations occurred in areas dominated by recharge fromagricultural fields and/or influenced by a streamfroman adjacent intensely farmed catchment (median values up to 1.9 μg L−1 for DPC and up to 0.75 μg L−1 forMDPC). An endmember analysis using hydro-chemical data suggested that about 20% of the DPC mass in a pumping well originated from the neighboring catchment and on its own would cause a concentration above 0.1 μg L−1 for DPC. Our findings highlight that the mobile metabolites can be imported from zones with intense agriculture outside of the exploited aquifer via surface-water groundwater interactions influencing the metabolite concentration level and longterm dynamics in the aquifer.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Dual-Element Isotope Analysis of Desphenylchloridazon to Investigate Its Environmental Fate in a Systematic Field Study:A Long-Term Lysimeter Experiment
    (2020-3)
    Melsbach, Aileen
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    Ponsin, Violaine
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    Bolotin, Jakov
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    Lachat, Laurence
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    Prasuhn, Volker
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    Hofstetter, Thomas B.
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    Desphenylchloridazon (DPC), the main metabolite of the herbicide chloridazon (CLZ), is more water soluble and persistent than CLZ and frequently detected in water bodies. When assessing DPC transformation in the environment, results can be nonconclusive if based on concentration analysis alone because estimates may be confounded by simultaneous DPC formation from CLZ. This study investigated the fate of DPC by combining concentration-based methods with compound-specific C and N stable isotope analysis (CSIA). Additionally, DPC formation and transformation processes were experimentally deconvolved in a dedicated lysimeter study considering three scenarios. First, surface application of DPC enabled studying its degradation in the absence of CLZ. Here, CSIA provided evidence of two distinct DPC transformation processes: one shows significant changes only in 13C/12C, whereas the other involves changes in both 13C/12C and 15N/14N isotope ratios. Second, surface application of CLZ mimicked a realistic field scenario, showing that during DPC formation, 13C/12C ratios of DPC were depleted in 13C relative to CLZ, while 15N/14N ratios remained constant. Finally, CLZ depth injection simulated preferential flow and demonstrated the importance of the topsoil for retaining DPC. The combination of the lysimeter study with CSIA enabled insights into DPC transformation in the field that are superior to those of studies of concentration trends.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Controls on the persistence of aqueous-phase groundwater contaminants in the presence of reactive back-diffusion
    The persistence of groundwater contaminants is influenced by several interacting processes. Physical, physico-chemical, and (bio-)chemical processes all influence the transport of contaminants in the subsurface. However,for a given hydrogeologicalsystem, itisgenerally unclear to whichdegree each of these phenomena acts as a con-trol on plume behaviour. Here, we present a comprehensive investigation of these processes and their influenceson plume behaviour and persistence in layered sedimentary systems. We investigate different scenarios that rep-resentfundamental configurationsof common contaminantsituations. A confined aquifer over- and underlain byaquitard layers is investigated in a source-removal scenario and a constant-source equilibrium scenario. Addi-tionally, an aquitard overlain and underlain by high permeability units is investigated in a source-removal sce-nario. In these investigations, we vary layer thickness, as well as parameters governing advection, (back-)diffusion, sorption, and degradation. Extensive analysis of these results enables quantification of the influenceof these parameters on maximum down-gradient concentration, plume persistence duration, and plume spatialextent. Finally, parameterspace dimensionality reductionisused to establishtrends and regimes inwhichcertainprocesses dominate as controls. A lower limit to plume extent as a function of a novel constructed parameter isalso determined. These results provide valuable quantitative information for the assessment of the fate ofgroundwater contaminants and are applicable to a wide range of aqueous-phase solutes.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Lithological and tectonic control on groundwater contribution to stream discharge during low-flow conditions
    Knowing how stream discharge in an ungauged catchment reacts to dry spells is a major challenge for managing water resources. The role of geology on these dynamics is poorly understood. For the Swiss Molasse basin, we therefore explored how the geology influences the groundwater contribution to stream flow during low-flow conditions. Using existing data from geological reports and maps as well as from deep boreholes, we constructed a basin-wide overview of the hydrogeological quality of the bedrock and investigated five catchments in 3D. We found that catchments with the most permeable sedimentary bedrock are least sensitive to low flows (marine sandstone, K = 10−4 to 10−5 m/s, Peff = 5–10%). In contrast, if bedrock K is low (K < 10−6 m/s), the presence of a productive Quaternary volume becomes decisive for groundwater contribution to stream flow. Limitations exist due to a restricted database for K and Peff values of the Molasse and limited information on continuation of lithologies with depth. This emphasizes the need for more hydrogeologically relevant data for the future management of water resources. Our results highlighting what lithotypes favor groundwater contribution to stream flow are valid also in other regions for the assessment of a catchment’s sensitivity to low flows