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  • Publication
    AccĆØs libre
    Identification of host-plant chemical stimuli for the European grape berry moth Eupoecilia ambiguella
    (2011)
    Schmidt-BĆ¼sser, Daniela
    ;
    von Arx, Martin
    ;
    ConnƩtable, Sophie
    ;
    Olfaction is of major importance for survival and reproduction in moths. Males possess highly specific and sensitive olfactory receptor neurones to detect female sex pheromones. However, the capacity of male moths to respond to host-plant volatiles is relatively neglected and the role that such responses could play in the sensory ecology of moths is still not fully understood. The present study aims to identify host-plant stimuli for the European grape berry moth Eupoecilia ambiguella Hb. (Tortricidae, Lepidoptera), a major pest of vine in Europe. Headspace volatiles from Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot Noir, Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris and five other host-plant species comprising five different families are analyzed by gas chromatography linked to electroantennogram (EAG) recording from male E. ambiguella antennae and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This procedure identifies 32 EAG-active compounds, among them the aliphatic compounds 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and 1-octen-3-ol; the terpenes limonene, Ī²-caryophyllene and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene; and the aromatic compounds benzaldehyde and methyl salicylate. Male and female E. ambiguella show similar EAG response amplitudes to individual chemical stimuli and also to mixtures of plant volatiles, as represented by essential oils from ten other plant species. This possibly indicates a common role for plant compounds in the sensory ecology of the two sexes of E. ambiguella.
  • Publication
    AccĆØs libre
    Host plant volatiles serve to increase the response of male European grape berry moths, Eupoecilia ambiguella, to their sex pheromone
    (2009)
    Schmidt-BĆ¼sser, Daniela
    ;
    von Arx, Martin
    ;
    The European grape berry moth is an important pest in vineyards. Males respond to the female-produced sex pheromone released from a piezo nebulizer in a dose-dependent manner in a wind tunnel: <50% arrive at the source at 5ā€“50 pg/min (underdosed), 80% arrive at 100 pg/min to 10 ng/min (optimal) and <20% arrive at 100 ng/min (overdosed). Males responding to overdosed pheromone show in flight arrestment at 80 cm from the source. Host plant chemostimuli for Eupoecilia ambiguella increase the responses of males to underdosed and overdosed pheromone. (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (+)-terpinen-4-ol, (E)-Ī²-caryophyllene and methyl salicylate released with the underdosed pheromone cause a significant increase in male E. ambiguella flying to the source. Timeā€“event analysis indicates a positive correlation between faster activation and probability of source contact by the responding males. The four host plant compounds added to the overdosed pheromone permitted males to take off faster and with a higher probability of flying to the source. This suggests that perception of host plant products with the sex pheromone facilitates male E. ambiguella to locate females on host plants, lending credence to the hypothesis that plant products can signal rendezvous sites suitable for mating.
  • Publication
    AccĆØs libre
    Les phƩromones sexuelles: utilisƩes comme moyen de lutte, Ʃvaluation de leur efficacitƩ et mesure de leur impact physiologique sur les vers de la grappe
    (2009)
    Briand, FranƧoise
    ;
    Les vers de la grappe Eupoecilia ambiguella Hb. et Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) sont les principaux ravageurs des vignobles europĆ©ens. Les larves engendrent des dĆ©gĆ¢ts directs en se nourrissant des organes reproducteurs de la plante, et indirects en favorisant l'infection des baies de raisins par des pathogĆØnes saprophytes. Cela entraĆ®ne des pertes Ć©conomiques importantes. La confusion sexuelle est une mĆ©thode alternative aux insecticides pour contrĆ“ler les populations des vers de la grappe. Elle prĆ©sente toutefois certaines limites d'application tant au niveau Ć©conomique que pratique. C'est dans l'objectif de pallier ces limites que s'inscrit ce travail par l'Ć©bauche d'un attracticide, l'apprĆ©ciation de l'efficacitĆ© de ce type de lutte et l'Ć©valuation de l'impact des composĆ©s phĆ©romonaux sexuels sur la physiologie de l'insecte. Les essais comparatifs de piĆ©geage rĆ©alisĆ©s en vignoble et les observations faites en tunnel de vol Ć  l'aide de sources contenant diffĆ©rentes charges en phĆ©romones ne permettent pas de dĆ©duire la quantitĆ© optimale Ć  utiliser dans un appĆ¢t attracticide. Ils soulignent la difficultĆ© de combiner le contact de l'insecte avec la source et la rĆ©manence de lā€™attractivitĆ© sur l'ensemble de la saison. Les deux espĆØces Ć©tudiĆ©es prĆ©sentent des comportements diffĆ©rents face aux charges phĆ©romonales exposĆ©es. Les charges relativement Ć©levĆ©es semblent plus attractives pour E. ambiguella, tandis que L. botrana tend Ć  s'orienter vers des charges plus faibles. Les faibles densitĆ©s de populations de vers de la grappe gĆ©nĆ©ralement prĆ©sentes dans les vignobles engendrent des difficultĆ©s pour l'Ć©valuation de nouvelles mĆ©thodes de lutte. Lā€™utilisation d'une petite cage offre dĆ©sormais une mĆ©thode simple, rapide, fiable et peu coĆ»teuse pour mesurer l'influence des phĆ©romones sexuelles sur l'accouplement des insectes. Pour cela, huit couples de vers de la grappe sont exposĆ©s, durant une nuit, dans une enceinte cubique 35 cm de cĆ“tĆ© installĆ©e au centre dā€™un vignoble, traitĆ© ou non par l'application de phĆ©romones sexuelles. Le dĆ©nombrement des spermatophores issus de l'accouplement permet dā€™Ć©valuer lā€™influence de ces composĆ©s phĆ©romonaux sur le comportement de reproduction. Ces rĆ©sultats donnent dĆ©sormais des indices objectifs sur l'efficacitĆ© du mĆ©lange testĆ© et l'intĆ©rĆŖt d'installer des essais Ć  grande Ć©chelle. Au cours des essais pour Ć©laborer ces cage, il a pu ĆŖtre demontrĆ© que lā€™augmentation du taux dā€™Ć©mission par des Ć¢ppats phĆ©romonaux entraine une diminution des accouplements. Bien que l'impact des phĆ©romones sexuelles sur le comportement d'accouplement des insectes ait suscitĆ© un vif intĆ©rĆŖt chez les chercheurs, peu se sont intĆ©ressĆ©s Ć  l'effet de ces composĆ©s sur la physiologie de ces insectes. Aussi, l'approche plus fondamentale de ce travail fournit des informations concernant le vol, la physiologie et le mĆ©tabolisme Ć©nergĆ©tique de L. botrana. L'important potentiel de vol de L. botrana a Ć©tĆ© mis en Ć©vidence Ć  l'aide des mĆ©thodes du carrousel de vol et du tunnel de vol. Avec une durĆ©e de vol moyenne de 12 minutes sans pause, L. botrana peut parcourir jusqu'Ć  35 kilomĆØtres sur 24 heures d'observation. Les consĆ©quences de ce vol observĆ©es sur le mĆ©tabolisme et la physiologie de l'insecte montrent une diminution significative des rĆ©serves Ć©nergĆ©tiques. MesurĆ©s par spectrophotomĆ©trie, les lipides semblent ĆŖtre les principaux carburants utilisĆ©s par L. botrana pour rĆ©pondre Ć  la demande Ć©nergĆ©tique du vol, avec une concentration en lipides totaux reprĆ©sentant un cinquiĆØme de la masse de l'organisme. L'exposition Ć  la phĆ©romone indique une tendance non significative Ć  la rĆ©duction de ces rĆ©serves. La charge Ć©nergĆ©tique cellulaire, calculĆ©e Ć  l'aide de la quantification des adĆ©nylates par HPLC, augmente durant les stades de croissance de l'insecte, puis diminue brusquement au moment de l'Ć©mergence de l'adulte. Elle tend Ć  se stabiliser tout au long de ce stade, pour chuter de maniĆØre importante au moment de la mort lorsque les rĆ©serves Ć©nergĆ©tiques disponibles sont Ć©puisĆ©es. Cependant, cette Ć©tude n'a pas permis de mettre en Ć©vidence lā€™influence du vol et de lā€™exposition Ć  la phĆ©romone sur l'Ć©tat Ć©nergĆ©tique cellulaire de lā€™insecte. Les rĆ©sultats obtenus dans ce travail offrent de nouvelles perspectives pour l'Ć©laboration et l'Ć©valuation de l'attractivitĆ© d'appĆ¢ts contenant des composĆ©s sĆ©miochimiques. Les mĆ©thodes dĆ©veloppĆ©es peuvent apporter des informations sur le comportement des insectes utiles pour la pratique, mais Ć©galement en recherche fondamentale., The grape moths Eupoecilia ambiguella Hb. et Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) are the two main pests of European vineyards. By feeding on the reproductive organs of plants larvae can harm vines directly and indirectly. The latter is provoked by favouring the infection of berries with pathogenic saprophytes and these infections can cause major economic losses. Mating disruption is a well established alternative to insecticides for controlling the two pest species. However, this control method presents some limits in terms of application and expenses. The aim of this work was to recoup these limits by developing an attracticide, by facilitating the evaluation of mating disruption's efficiency and by quantifying the impact of sex pheromones on the physiology of insects. The disposal of pheromone traps in vineyards and the observations made in a wind tunnel did not allow determining the optimal pheromone concentration deployed in an attracticide. My results emphasise the difficulty between deploying a pheromone lure that permits the contact of insects with the source and the persistence of the lure over the season. Moreover, the two grape moths behave dissimilar confronted with different pheromone concentrations. Eupoecilia ambiguella seems to be attracted by high concentrations, whereas L. botrana prefers low pheromone loads. Low population densities of grape moths in vineyard pose difficulties to assess new control approaches. The use of a small cage may present a fast, simple and cheap method to evaluate the impact of sex pheromones on insect mating. By exposing eight couples of grape moths for one night in cages of 35 cm side length that are installed in the centre of pheromone treated and untreated vineyards, the impact of pheromones on mating can be assessed by the count of the number of dissected spermatophores. Experiments showed that this novel evaluation method offers a fast and reliable way to measure the impact of pheromones on insect mating. The obtained results may help predicting the value/use of the setup of large-scale field trials. The development of these small field cages also demonstrated that mating suppression increases with the emission rate of pheromone lures. Even though the impact of sex pheromones on mating is well understood, little information is available on their effect on the physiology of insect. This work bridges some of these gaps and provides some more fundamental insights on the flight, physiology and metabolism of L. botrana. Tests conducted with a flight mill and in a wind tunnel showed that L. botrana can fly up to 12 minutes without a break and that they can cover a distance of 35 kilometres per day. In addition, flight affects insect physiology and metabolism by decreasing the energetic reserves. Spectrophotometry indicated that lipids are the principal source powering the flight of L. botrana. The total amount of lipids can account for a fifth of the fresh weight of adults. However, the exposure of insects to sex pheromones did not significantly decrease these energetic reserves. The energetic charge of moths, calculated by the quantification of adenylates with an HPLC, increases during larval development for sharply decreasing at the emergence of adults. The energetic charge of adults seems to be stable and falls drastically at death. However, flight and the exposure to pheromones had no effect on the energetic charge of L. botrana males. The results obtained in this thesis provide new perspectives in the development and assessment of semiochemical lures. The elaborated methods may deepen our understanding of insect behaviour and the knowledge gained may be of valuable use in fundamental and applied research.