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  • Publication
    AccĆØs libre
    Standardizing Visual Control Devices for Tsetse Flies: West African Species Glossina tachinoides, G. palpalis gambiensis and G. morsitans submorsitans
    (2012)
    Rayaisse, Jean-Baptiste
    ;
    Krƶber, Thomas
    ;
    ;
    Solano, Philippe
    ;
    Mihok, Steve
    ;
    Here we describe field trials designed to standardize tools for the control of Glossina tachinoides, G. palpalis gambiensis and G. morsitans submorsitans submorsitans in West Africa based on existing trap/target/bait technology. Blue and black biconical and monoconical traps and 1 m2 targets were made in either phthalogen blue cotton, phthalogen blue cotton/polyester or turquoise blue polyester/viscose (all with a peak reflectance between 450ā€“480 nm) and a black polyester. Because targets were covered in adhesive film, they proved to be significantly better trapping devices than either of the two trap types for all three species (up to 14 times more for Glossina tachinoides, 10 times more for G. palpalis gambiensis, and 6.5 times for G. morsitans submorsitans). The relative performance of the devices in the three blue cloths tested was the same when unbaited or baited with a mixture of phenols, 1-octen-3-ol and acetone. Since insecticide-impregnated devices act via contact with flies, we enumerated which device (traps or targets) served as the best object for flies to land on by also covering the cloth parts of traps with adhesive film. Despite the fact that the biconical trap proved to be the best landing device for the three species, the difference over the target (20ā€“30%) was not significant. This experiment also allowed an estimation of trap efficiency, i.e. the proportion of flies landing on a trap that are caught in its cage. A low overall efficiency of the biconical or monoconical traps of between 11ā€“24% was recorded for all three species. These results show that targets can be used as practical devices for population suppression of the three species studied. Biconical traps can be used for population monitoring, but a correction factor of 5ā€“10 fold needs to be applied to captures to compensate for the poor trapping efficiency of this device for the three species.
  • Publication
    AccĆØs libre
    Development of tools to control Palpalis group tsetse flies in West Africa
    (2011)
    Rayaisse, Jean-Baptiste
    ;
    Les glossines ou mouches tsĆ© ā€“ tsĆ© sont les principaux vecteurs de la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine (Maladie du sommeil) et des Trypanosomoses Animales Africaines (Nagana). Lā€™utilisation des piĆØges et Ć©crans imprĆ©gnĆ©s dā€™insecticides ont toujours constituĆ© une composante centrale dans la lutte contre ces vecteurs Ć  travers plusieurs pays du continent Africain. Afin de rendre ces outils plus efficaces, des Ć©tudes ont Ć©tĆ© menĆ©es afin de trouver les meilleurs attractifs visuels et attractifs pour Glossina tachinoides et Glossina palpalis gambiensis, toutes deux du groupe Palpalis.
    Dans les provinces du Mouhoun et de la Sissili tout dā€™abord, nous avons Ć©valuĆ© lā€™effet du mĆ©lange de 3-n-propylphĆ©nol, de 1-octen-3-ol, de para-crĆ©sol et de lā€™acĆ©tone (POCA), de mĆŖme que dā€™autres composĆ©s chimiques sur les captures de G. tachinoides et de G.p. gambiensis par des piĆØges biconiques. Lā€™adjonction du POCA a entrainĆ© une augmentation des captures de lā€™ordre de 2 fois pour les deux espĆØces (p<0.05). Lā€™ajout de B-carryophyllĆØne ensemble avec le POCA amĆ©liore le rendement induit par le POCA, mĆŖme si lā€™augmentation dans ce cas nā€™est pas significative.
    La rĆ©ponse de G. tachinoides et de G. p. gambiensis aux odeurs dā€™hommes et de bovins a aussi Ć©tĆ© mesurĆ©e sur le terrain en utilisant soit des piĆØges biconiques, soit des Ć©crans noirs. Les captures de G. tachinoides par le piĆØge biconique ont Ć©tĆ© significativement amĆ©liorĆ©es (x 5 fois) par les odeurs du bovin mais non par celles de lā€™homme, pendant que les essais avec lā€™Ć©cran nā€™ont donnĆ© des rĆ©sultats consistants. Les captures de G. p. gambiensis par le piĆØge biconiques ont Ć©tĆ© aussi augmentĆ©es (> 2 fois) aussi bien par les odeurs humaines quā€™animales. Le POCA seul ou lā€™odeur synthĆ©tique de bovin (acĆ©tone, 1-octen-3-ol, 4-methylphenol et 3-n-propylphenol avec du dioxyde de carbone) a entrainĆ© plus de capture de G. tachinoides que lā€™odeur naturelle du bovin. Pour G. p. gambiensis, le POCA a amĆ©liorĆ© de maniĆØre consistante les captures du piĆØge comme de lā€™Ć©cran.
    Les essais sur le terrain, dā€™autres composĆ©s chimiques collectĆ©s des odeurs de bovin avec un filtre nā€™ont montrĆ© aucune augmentation significative des captures par le piĆØge biconique. A Folonzo cependant, des composĆ©s individuels tels que le benzaldehyde et le 3-ethylacetophenone, diffusĆ©s Ć  dose 10 fois supĆ©rieures Ć  la dose naturelle ont augmentĆ© les captures de G. p. gambiensis par le piĆØge biconique de 1.95 et de 2.16 fois respectivement. A lā€™opposĆ©, le biphenyl et une sĆ©rie dā€™aldehydes aliphatiques (heptanal, octanal, nonanal, dĆ©canal et undenal) ont entrainĆ© une rĆ©duction des captures des deux espĆØces (parfois jusquā€™Ć  50%) quand ils sont diffusĆ©s Ć  dose naturelle, bien que ces baisses nā€™Ć©taient pas significatives. Les piĆØges (tri-dimensionnels) ont Ć©tĆ© comparĆ©s aux Ć©crans Noir-Bleu (bi-dimensionnels), pour tester leur habilitĆ© Ć  induire lā€™atterrissage des glossines. FabriquĆ©s avec du tissu phtalogĆØne bleu et du tissu noir polyester/viscose, ils sont couverts de film adhĆ©sif qui retient les glossines qui se posent. Cela a montrĆ© que lā€™Ć©cran induit autant lā€™atterrissage des glossines que le piĆØge biconique. La comparaison de piĆØges monoconiques et biconiques couverts et non couverts avec du film adhĆ©sif a montrĆ© que les piĆØges couverts de film capturent plus de 5 fois de G. tachinoides et de G. p. gambiensis que les piĆØges non couverts de film, ce qui signifie que moins de 20% des glossines attirĆ©es par les piĆØges sont capturĆ©es effectivement. Ce faible pourcentage de glossines capturĆ©es suggĆØrent que de meilleurs piĆØges pourraient ĆŖtre dĆ©veloppĆ©s en analysant de prĆØs le comportement des glossines et en identifiant des attractifs olfactifs qui agiraient Ć  courte distance en interaction avec les piĆØges.
    Nos rĆ©sultats laissent penser que les piĆØges et Ć©crans imprĆ©gnĆ©s dā€™insecticides auxquels on ajoute des attractifs olfactifs pourraient le aider le PATTEC (Campagne Panafricaine dā€™Eradication des TsĆ© ā€“tsĆ© et des Trypanosomes) dans ses efforts actuels de surveillance et de lutte contre les glossines du groupe Palpalis en Afrique de lā€™Ouest. Les rĆ©sultats obtenus sur G.p. gambiensis avec le POCA sont dā€™un dā€™intĆ©rĆŖt tout particulier, Ć©tant donnĆ© quā€™ils constituent une des rares fois que cette espĆØce a montrĆ© une rĆ©ponse claire aux attractifs olfactifs., Tsetse flies are vectors of Human and Animal African Trypanosomoses (HAT or sleeping sickness, and AAT or nagana, respectively). Tsetse fly traps and two-dimensional targets, when impregnated with insecticides, have constituted a central component of tsetse control campaigns in many countries in Africa. In order to make these tools more efficient and affordable, studies were undertaken to find the best visual and olfactory attractants for two species of the palpalis group, namely Glossina palpalis gambiensis and Glossina tachinoides.
    We first assessed, in the Mouhoun and Sissili provinces of Burkina Faso, the effects of dispensing a mixture of 3-n-propylphenol, 1-octen-3-ol, para-cresol and acetone (POCA blend of semiochemicals) and other tsetse fly semiochemicals on captures of G. tachinoides and G. p. gambiensis in biconical traps. Adding the POCA blend caused an increase in trap capture of up to 2-fold for both species (p<0.05). Adding a dispenser that released the sesquiterpene Ɵ-caryophyllene together with the POCA blend caused a further -though not significant- increase in trap capture (>2-fold) for both species. Field responses of G. tachinoides and G. p. gambiensis to odours from humans and cattle were also measured by baiting biconical traps and electrocuting black targets with natural host odours. The catch of G. tachinoides from traps was significantly enhanced (~5-fold) by odour from cattle but not from humans, but in contrast, catches from electric targets showed inconsistent results. For G. p. gambiensis, both human and cattle odour increased (>2-fold) the trap catch significantly but not the catch from electric targets. For G. tachinoides a blend of POCA alone or synthetic cattle odour (acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 4-methylphenol and 3-n-propylphenol with carbon dioxide) consistently caught more tsetse than natural cattle odour. For G. p. gambiensis, POCA consistently increased catches from both traps and targets.
    Field tests with other chemicals collected from natural cattle odours with an adsorbent filter did not induce any significant increase in catches when combined with the biconical trap. However in Folonzo, single chemicals such as benzaldehyde and 3-ethylacetophenone, both released at 10 times the natural doses increased biconical trap catches of G. p. gambiensis by 1.95 and 2.16 times, respectively. By contrast, biphenyl and a series of aliphatic aldehydes (heptanal, octanal, nonanal, dƩcanal and undenal) reduced the trap catches for both species (sometimes by up to 50%) when released at natural doses, although these decreases in trap catches were not significant.
    Traps (which are three-dimensional) were compared to blue-black targets (two-dimensional) to test their ability to induce flies to land on them. Both devices were made of phthalogen blue cotton and polyester/viscose black and both devices were covered with sticky tape to trap landing flies.Targets proved as efficient as biconical traps in attracting both G. p. gambiensis and G. tachinoides. Comparing monoconical and biconical traps with and without sticky tape applied to them showed that ones with sticky tape caught at least 5 times more G.p. gambiensis and G. tachinoides than the traps without sticky tape, meaning that less than 20% of tsetse attracted to traps end up in the cage.As only ~20% of the tsetse flies (G. p. gambiensis and G. tachinoides) attracted to the vicinity of traps get caught, this suggests that better traps could be developed by an in-depth analysis of the visual responses and identification of any semiochemicals involved in short range interactions with attractive devices.
    The results suggest that odour-baited traps and insecticide-treated targets could assist the African Union-Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) in its current efforts to monitor and control palpalis group tsetse in West Africa. The results obtained with the POCA blend of semiochemicals is of particular interest for G. p. gambiensis, as it constitutes one of the rare occasions this species has been reported to show a clear response to olfactory attractants.