Thomann, Pierre

2014, Bucalović, Nikola, Thomann, Pierre

In the framework of this thesis, I present recent activities in the Laboratoire Temps-Fréquence (LTF) of the University of Neuchâtel, concerning the optical frequency metrology group. We developed the frequency discriminator technique for the characterization of the narrow linewidth heterodyne optical beats. The examination of the four different types of the frequency and phase discriminators has identified the appropriate tools for the analysis of the low-noise signals. We made the experimental test of the β-separation line formalism that enables easy calculation of the laser linewidth from its frequency noise power spectral density (PSD). Earlier proposed geometrical approximation has been validated in a wide linewidth range and for different laser line shapes. We developed and characterized the second ultra-stable high-finesse Perot-Fabry passive reference cavity. A novel low-noise planar waveguide extended cavity laser (PW-ECL) has been stabilized to this reference cavity in a Pound-Drever-Hall stabilization scheme. A thermal model of the cavity enclosure has been made and based on that an improvement in the temperature control system was possible, resulting in the higher flexibility of the cavity temperature change. Finally, the noise properties of a novel type of the ultrafast optical frequency comb were examined. A diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) Er:Yb:glass (ERGO) frequency comb is proven to be capable of the coherent frequency division from optical to microwave, at the level of stability of 10^-15 at 1 s. It is shown that the dynamics of the carrier-envelope offset (CEO) beat plays an important role in the stabilization of this type of the ultrafast laser.

2012-5-26, Schilt, Stephane, Dolgovskiy, Vladimir, Bucalovic, Nikola, Schori, Christian, Stumpf, Max, Di Domenico, Gianni, Pekarek, Selina, Oehler, Andreas, Südmeyer, Thomas, Keller, Ursula, Thomann, Pierre

We present a detailed investigation of the noise properties of an optical frequency comb generated from a femtosecond diode-pumped solid-state laser operating in the 1.5-μm spectral region. The stabilization of the passively mode-locked Er:Yb:glass laser oscillator, referred to as ERGO, is achieved using pump power modulation for the control of the carrier envelope offset (CEO) frequency and by adjusting the laser cavity length for the control of the repetition rate. The stability and the noise of the ERGO comb are characterized in free-running and in phase-locked operation by measuring the noise properties of the CEO, of the repetition rate, and of a comb line at 1558 nm. The comb line is analyzed from the heterodyne beat signal with a cavity-stabilized ultra-narrow-linewidth laser using a frequency discriminator. Two different schemes to stabilize the comb to a radio-frequency (RF) reference are compared. The comb properties (phase noise, frequency stability) are limited in both cases by the RF oscillator used to stabilize the repetition rate, while the contribution of the CEO is negligible at all Fourier frequencies, as a consequence of the low-noise characteristics of the CEO-beat. A linewidth of ≈150 kHz and a fractional frequency instability of 4.2×1E−13 at 1 s are obtained for an optical comb line at 1558 nm. Improved performance is obtained by stabilizing the comb to an optical reference, which is a cavity-stabilized ultra-narrow linewidth laser at 1558 nm. The fractional frequency stability of 8×1E−14 at 1 s, measured in preliminary experiments, is limited by the reference oscillator used in the frequency comparison.

2012, Tombez, Lionel, Schilt, Stephane, Di Francesco, Joab F., Thomann, Pierre, Hofstetter, Daniel

We report on the measurement of the frequency noise power spectral density in a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser over a wide temperature range, from 128 K to 303 K. As a function of the device temperature, we show that the frequency noise behavior is characterized by two different regimes separated by a steep transition at ≈200 K. While the frequency noise is nearly unchanged ~200 K, it drastically increases at lower temperature with an exponential dependence. We also show that this increase is entirely induced by current noise intrinsic to the device. In contrast to earlier publications, a single laser is used here in a wide temperature range allowing the direct assessment of the temperature dependence of the frequency noise.

2012, Bucalovic, Nikola, Dolgovskiy, Vladimir, Schori, Christian, Thomann, Pierre, Di Domenico, Gianni, Schilt, Stephane

Laser frequency fluctuations can be characterized either comprehensively by the frequency noise spectrum or in a simple but incomplete manner by the laser linewidth. A formal relation exists to calculate the linewidth from the frequency noise spectrum, but it is laborious to apply in practice. We recently proposed a much simpler geometrical approximation applicable to any arbitrary frequency noise spectrum. Here we present an experimental validation of this approximation using laser sources of different spectral characteristics. For each of them, we measured both the frequency noise spectrum to calculate the approximate linewidth and the actual linewidth directly. We observe a very good agreement between the approximate and directly measured linewidths over a broad range of values (from kilohertz to megahertz) and for significantly different laser line shapes.

2012-9-28, Dolgovskiy, Vladimir, Bucalovic, Nikola, Thomann, Pierre, Schori, Christian, Di Domenico, Gianni, Schilt, Stephane

We present a study of the impact of the cross-coupling between the two servo loops used to stabilize the repetition rate frep and the carrier-envelope offset (CEO) frequency fCEO in a commercial Er:fiber frequency comb, based on the combination of experimental measurements and a model of the coupled loops. The developed theoretical model enables us to quantify the influence of the servo-loop coupling on an optical comb line, by simulating the hypothetic case where no coupling would be present. Numerical values for the model were obtained from an extensive characterization of the comb, in terms of frequency noise and dynamic response to a modulation applied to each actuator, for both frep and fCEO. To validate the model, the frequency noise of an optical comb line at 1.56 μm was experimentally measured from the heterodyne beat between the comb and a cavity-stabilized ultranarrow-linewidth laser and showed good agreement with the calculated noise spectrum. The coupling between the two stabilization loops results in a more than 10-fold reduction of the comb mode frequency noise power spectral density in a wide Fourier frequency range.

2012-4-21, Tombez, Lionel, Schilt, Stephane, Di Francesco, Joab, Di Domenico, Gianni, Hofstetter, Daniel, Thomann, Pierre

We report on the measurement of the frequency noise properties of a 4.6-μm distributed-feedback quantum-cascade laser (QCL) operating in continuous wave near room temperature using a spectroscopic set-up. The flank of the R(14) ro-vibrational absorption line of carbon monoxide at 2196.6 cm^−1 is used to convert the frequency fluctuations of the laser into intensity fluctuations that are spectrally analyzed. We evaluate the influence of the laser driver on the observed QCL frequency noise and show how only a low-noise driver with a current noise density below ≈1 nA/√Hz allows observing the frequency noise of the laser itself, without any degradation induced by the current source. We also show how the laser FWHM linewidth, extracted from the frequency noise spectrum using a simple formula, can be drastically broadened at a rate of ≈1.6 MHz/(nA/√Hz) for higher current noise densities of the driver. The current noise of commercial QCL drivers can reach several nA/√Hz , leading to a broadening of the linewidth of our QCL of up to several megahertz. To remedy this limitation, we present a low-noise QCL driver with only 350 pA/√Hz current noise, which is suitable to observe the ≈550 kHz linewidth of our QCL.

2012, Joyet, Alain, Di Domenico, Gianni, Thomann, Pierre

We present a theoretical analysis of aliasing noises that might appear in cold atom Mach-Zehnder interferometers used for the measurement of various physical quantities. We focus more specifically on single cold atom gyroscopes. To evaluate the level of aliasing noises, we have developed a model based on the power spectral densities of the different identified noise sources as input parameters and which makes use of a servo-loop to realize a precise measurement of the rotation rate. The model allows one to take into account different modes of operation, like a continuous as well as a pulsed or even a multi-ball operation. For monokinetic atoms, we show that the intermodulation noise can be completely filtered out with a continuous mode of operation and an optimum modulation scheme for any modulation frequency but also with a pulsed operation however only for specific launching frequencies. In the case of a real continuous atomic beam having a velocity distribution, it comes out that a high attenuation can be reached which indicates clearly the potential stability improvement that can be expected from a continuous operation.

2012-7-2, Bucalovic, Nikola, Dolgovskiy, Vladimir, Schori, Christian, Thomann, Pierre, Di Domenico, Gianni, Schilt, Stephane

Laser frequency fluctuations can be characterized either comprehensively by the frequency noise spectrum or in a simple but incomplete manner by the laser linewidth. A formal relation exists to calculate the linewidth from the frequency noise spectrum, but it is laborious to apply in practice. We recently proposed a much simpler geometrical approximation applicable to any arbitrary frequency noise spectrum. Here we present an experimental validation of this approximation using laser sources of different spectral characteristics. For each of them, we measured both the frequency noise spectrum to calculate the approximate linewidth and the actual linewidth directly. We observe a very good agreement between the approximate and directly measured linewidths over a broad range of values (from kilohertz to megahertz) and for significantly different laser line shapes.

2012, Devenoges, Laurent, Mileti, Gaetano, Thomann, Pierre

Ce travail de recherche s'inscrit dans la continuité des études, menées depuis 20 ans à l'Observatoire Cantonal de Neuchâtel, pour réaliser un étalon primaire de fréquence fonctionnant avec un jet continu d'atomes froids et lents. Ces développements théoriques et expérimentaux ont conduit à la construction de deux horloges à fontaine continue FOCS-1 et FOCS-2. Ce document expose les dernières améliorations et les premières mesures d'évaluation du second étalon primaire de fréquence effectuées ces trois dernières années au Laboratoire Temps-Fréquence de l'Université de Neuchâtel.
Dans la première partie, nous présentons le développement et l'implémentation d'une nouvelle méthode de préparation d'état utilisée pour améliorer la stabilité de fréquence à court terme de l'étalon. Nous avons montré qu'en utilisant un schéma de pompage optique à deux lasers, il est possible de combiner simultanément préparation d'état et refroidissement Sisyphe. Grâce à cette technique, nous avons réussi à préparer 60% des atomes dans le niveau

2012, Devenoges, Laurent, Stefanov, A., Joyet, Alain, Thomann, Pierre, Di Domenico, Gianni

The frequency instability of a shot-noise limited atomic fountain clock is inversely proportional to its signal-to- noise ratio. Therefore, increasing the atomic flux is a direct way to improve the stability. Nevertheless, in pulsed operation, the local oscillator noise limits the performance via the Dick effect. We experimentally demonstrate here that a continuous atomic fountain allows one to overcome this limitation. In this work, we take advantage of two-laser optical pumping on a cold cesium beam to increase the useful fountain flux and, thus, to reduce the frequency instability below the Dick limit. A stabil- ity of 6 • 10^{-14 _τ-1/2} has been measured with the continuous cesium fountain FOCS-2.