Options
Mitchell, Edward
Résultat de la recherche
Above- and below-ground aspects of floodplain restoration: from biodiversity to ecosystem functions
2013, Fournier, Bertrand, Mitchell, Edward
La biodiversité est le moteur du fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Elle est directement responsable des services fournis par les écosystèmes aux sociétés humaines. Cependant, la diversité de certains taxa dont beaucoup d'organismes du sol reste peu connue; et les processus qui créent, maintiennent et détruisent cette biodiversité ne sont que très partiellement compris. De ce fait, il est extrêmement difficile de restaurer la biodiversité dans les écosystèmes perturbés.
Les zones alluviales cristallisent ces problèmes. Elles accueillent une extraordinaire biodiversité qui est souvent mal caractèrisée; elles sont mondialement menacées; et il n'y a que peu de consensus en ce qui concerne les méthodes pour revitaliser leur biodiversité
Dans le but d'améliorer notre compréhension des écosystèmes dynamiques et de la multitude d'interactions écologiques qu'ils hébergent, cette thèse se concentre sur trois aspects des zones alluviales: les sols alluviaux, la biodiversité hébergée par ces sols et les changements de biodiversité entre les différents groupes étudiés le long des gradients environnementaux.
Les résultats obtenus lors de cette thèse comblent plusieurs lacunes dans la connaissance écosystémique des zones alluviales et fournissent des perspectives pour améliorer la gestion de ces écosystèmes. En effet, l'hétérogénéité spatio-temporelle de la morphologie des sols fournit des informations structurelles et fonctionnelles sur les zones alluviales qui peuvent être inclues dans les protocoles des projets de revitalisation. De plus, les conditions environnementales influencent fortement les caractéristiques fonctionnelles des communautés. Ces caractéristiques peuvent donc être exploitées comme outil de bioindication. Finalement, les résultats du présent travail ont démontré le rôle de la diversité en tant qu'assurance pour le maintient du fonctionnement des communautés dans les écosystèmes récemment revitalisés.
Les prochains défis à relever consistent à adopter une approche holistique des réseaux trophiques du sol, et définir l'importance des processus écologiques dans la structuration de la biodiversité des écosystèmes dynamiques., Biodiversity sustains ecosytem functioning and services to human societies. However, the diversity of certain taxa including many soil organisms remains poorly known and the processes creating, sustaining, and destroying biodiversity are only partially understood. As a result, restoring diversity in disturbed ecosystem remains a challenging task.
Floodplains cristallize these issues. They host an extraordinary biodiversity that is often poorly charaterized, they are threathen worldwide, and there is little agreement about the ways to restore their biodiversity.
Aiming at improving our understanding of disturbed ecosystems and the many ecological interactions they host, this PhD thesis focuses on three aspects of floodplain ecosystems: floodplain soils, below-ground biodiversity, and the changes in biodiversity among taxonomic groups and along environmental gradients.
With this respect, the results obtained during this PhD thesis fulfil several gaps in the knowledge of riparian ecosystems and provide perspectives for improved management of floodplains and riverine ecosystems. For instance, the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of soil morphology provides structural and functional information on floodplain ecosystems that can be included into restoration project protocols. Moreover, the strong impacts of environmental conditions on community functional characteristics can be developed into bioindication tools. Finally, the results of this PhD thesis revealed the role of diversity as an insurance to community functioning in recently restored ecosystems.
Future challenges include using holistic approaches for the study of the diversity and the functioning of the soil foodwebs, and disentangling the importance of assembly processes in structuring biodiversity patterns in disturbed ecosystems.
Taxonomic and functional traits responses of Sphagnum peatland testate amoebae to experimentally manipulated water table
, Koenig, Isabelle, Mulot, Matthieu, Laboratory of Soil Diversity, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Mitchell, Edward
Biomonitoring tools are useful to assess the impact of environmental changes on the functioning of ecosystems. Existing tools mostly require species identification, thus allowing to estimating changes in biodiversity, and possibly inferring ecosystem functioning, using functional diversity and traits based approaches.
Testate amoebae are good indicators of surface moisture conditions in Sphagnum peatlands and are routinely used in palaeoecology. Their shells (tests), on which identification is based, can also be used to define functional traits and thus to infer changes in ecosystem functioning.
We investigated the response of testate amoeba communities to manipulated water table depth (wet: −4 cm, intermediate: −15 cm, and dry: −25 cm) over time (seven time points, 19 months) using mesocosms by comparing two approaches: community structure and functional traits responses, using a combination of morphological (biovolume, length, aperture size and position) and physiological (mixotrophy/heterotrophy, shell material) traits.
This is the first study investigating the effect of water table depth on testate amoeba assemblages over time using a mesocosm approach. Taxonomical and functional approaches showed similar response patterns, confirming that water level acted as a strong environmental filter. After one year Hyalosphenia papilio decreased in the dry treatment, and the community structure shifted towards a dominance of dry indicators (Nebela tincta complex, Corythion dubium, Euglypha compressa) and the selected functional traits (smaller, heterotrophic, compressed species, with a ventral aperture) corresponded to drought adaptations.
In line with recent observational and transfer function studies exploring the use of testate amoebae functional traits, our experimental results illustrate how well-selected traits could be used to monitor the impact of present and past climatic changes on Sphagnum peatlands.
Soil protistology rebooted: 30 fundamental questions to start with
, Geisen, Stefan, Mitchell, Edward, Wilkinson, David M, Adl, Sina, Bonkowski, Michael, Brown, Matthew W, Fiore-Donno, Anna Maria, Heger, Thierry, Jassey, Vincent E.J, Krashevska, Valentyna, Lahr, Daniel J.G, Marcisz, Katarzyna, Mulot, Matthieu, Payne, Richard, Singer, David, Anderson, Roger O, Charman, Dan J, Ekelund, Flemming, Griffiths, Bryan S, Rønn, Regin, Smirnov, Alexey, Bass, David, Belbahri, Lassaâd, Berney, Cédric, Blandenier, Quentin, Blandenier, Quentin, Chatzinotas, Antonis, Clarholm, Marianne, Dunthorn, Micah, Feest, Alan, Fernández, Leonardo D, Foissner, Wilhelm, Fournier, Bertrand, Gentekaki, Eleni, Hájek, Michal, Helder, Johannes, Jousset, Alexandre, Koller, Robert, Kumar, Santosh, La Terza, Antonietta, Lamentowicz, Mariusz, Mazei, Yuri, Santos, Susana S, Seppey, Christophe V.W, Spiegel, Frederick W, Walochnik, Julia, Winding, Anne, Lara, Enrique
Protists are the most diverse eukaryotes. These microbes are keystone organisms of soil ecosystems and regulate essential processes of soil fertility such as nutrient cycling and plant growth. Despite this, protists have received little scientific attention, especially compared to bacteria, fungi and nematodes in soil studies. Recent methodological advances, particularly in molecular biology techniques, have made the study of soil protists more accessible, and have created a resurgence of interest in soil protistology. This ongoing revolution now enables comprehensive investigations of the structure and functioning of soil protist communities, paving the way to a new era in soil biology. Instead of providing an exhaustive review, we provide a synthesis of research gaps that should be prioritized in future studies of soil protistology to guide this rapidly developing research area. Based on a synthesis of expert opinion we propose 30 key questions covering a broad range of topics including evolution, phylogenetics, functional ecology, macroecology, paleoecology, and methodologies. These questions highlight a diversity of topics that will establish soil protistology as a hub discipline connecting different fundamental and applied fields such as ecology, biogeography, evolution, plant-microbe interactions, agronomy, and conservation biology. We are convinced that soil protistology has the potential to be one of the most exciting frontiers in biology.