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Le Bayon, Renée-Claire
Nom
Le Bayon, Renée-Claire
Affiliation principale
Email
claire.lebayon@unine.ch
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Voici les éléments 1 - 3 sur 3
- PublicationAccès libreUse of X-ray microcomputed tomography for characterizing earthworm-derived belowground soil aggregates(2020-3-21)
; ; Turberg, PascalSoil structure is closely linked to biological activities. However, identifying, describing and quantifying soil aggregates remain challenging. X-ray microcomputed tomography (X-ray μCT) provides a detailed view of the physicalstructure at a spatial resolution of a few microns. It could be a useful tool todiscriminate soil aggregates, their origin and their formation processes for a better comprehension of soil structure properties and genesis. Our study aims to (a) determine different X-ray μCT-based aggregate parameters for differentiating earthworm casts belowground (earthworm aggregates) from aggregates that are not formed by earthworms (non-earthworm aggregates), and (b) to evaluate if these parameters can also serve as specific “tomographic signatures” for the studied earthworm species. For this purpose, we set up a microcosm experiment under controlled conditions during 8 weeks, including three species of earthworms tested separately: the epigeic Lumbricus rubellus, the anecic Lumbricus terrestris and the endogeic Allolobophora chlorotica. Our results show that X-ray μCT analysis helps distinguish earthworm aggregates from non-earthworm ones using (a) the relative volume of the components within aggregates and (b) the volumetric mass of aggregates and their global volume. In particular, the volume ratio of mineral grains within the aggregates is significantly different according to earthworm species. So, X-ray μCT is a powerful and promising tool for studying the composition of earthworm casts and their formation. However, future research is needed to take into account the shapes and spatial distribution of the aggregates' components, in particular the different states of organic matter decomposition. - PublicationAccès libreImpacts of urban gardening on soil quality, soil fauna and soil multifunctionality(2019)
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Ensuite, la décomposition des matières organiques a été étudiée en utilisant des sachets de litière de deux maillages différents (1 et 4 mm) et deux sortes de litière (Zea mays L., feuilles et tiges). S’agissant de la litière, les taux de décomposition les plus élevés concernent les organismes de la macro- et de la mésofaune; ils sont plus élevés pour les feuilles, plus faciles à décomposer. Ici encore, les pratiques horticoles représentent un des principaux facteurs influant sur la décomposition de la matière organique ainsi que sur la diversité de la faune du sol (vers de terre, collemboles, isopodes et gastéropodes).
Nous avons également trouvé une relation positive entre la richesse spécifique de la pédofaune (4 groupes taxonomiques, 120 espèces et 81’007 individus) et la richesse spécifique des espèces végétales en décomposition. Cela indique que, même dans les espaces verts urbains, la biodiversité stimule les services écosystémiques. En outre, nous avons évalué l’impact des trois types d’utilisation du jardin sur la faune et la multifonctionnalité des sols, en relation avec la production d’aliments et la fertilité du sol. Les pratiques horticoles n’ont pas seulement déterminé la diversité des plantes en surface, ils ont également eu des implications sur la pédofaune et les fonctions du sol. Les effets les plus importants sur la multifonctionnalité des sols sont liés à la variabilité des caractéristiques des sols. Nous avons constaté que, dans tous les sols de jardin, une qualité biologique élevée du sol a un effet positif sur sa multifonctionnalité, alors que l’intensité des pratiques diminue la diversité des plantes et celle la faune du sol.
De plus, la richesse spécifique de la pédofaune diminue avec le degré d’urbanisation, mais l’abondance augmente. Les taux de décomposition sont également plus élevés dans les zones les plus urbanisées, mais aucun effet significatif n’a été constaté en lien avec la multifonctionnalité des sols.
Cependant, peu d’études documentent l’effet des pratiques horticoles. Par conséquent, nous estimons qu’il existe un grand potentiel pour les futures recherches sur les écosystèmes de type jardins urbains, par exemple en ce qui concerne d’autres fonctions du sol comme stockage du carbone ou de l’eau, mais également les effets des pratiques culturales organiques sur la biodiversité en ville. Ainsi, de nombreux jardiniers utilisent encore des pesticides sans connaître les effets dommageables sur la biodiversité et la qualité du sol. À l’avenir, les études pourraient développer et analyser les pratiques de jardinage éco- logique sur la diversité en surface et souterraine et leurs effets sur la qualité des sols à long terme, par exemple par le biais d’une approche scientifique citoyenne.
En général, nous avons souligné que pour maintenir des services écosystèmes importantes, les pratiques de protectrices du sol, comme l’application de compost ou de paillis, doivent être intégrées dans les stratégies des planifications d’espaces verts urbains, mais aussi au niveau des associations locales de jardins. Nous concluons que les jardins urbains ont le potentiel pour augmenter la biodiversité et des services écosystémiques urbaines, tout aussi bien qu’ils sont des points de rencontre de personnes et améliorant le bien-être humain.
De manière générale, pour favoriser et maintenir des services écosystémiques performants, les pratiques de protection du sol, comme l’application de compost ou de paillis, doivent être intégrées dans les stratégies de planification d’espaces verts urbains, mais aussi au niveau des associations locales de jardins. Nous concluons que les jardins urbains ont le potentiel d’augmenter la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques urbains, tout autant qu’ils constituent des points de rencontre de personnes, améliorant ainsi les contacts et le bien-être humain., Urban gardens are important and at the same time popular greenspaces. As urban areas are expanding globally, urban gardens play an increasingly important role in contributing to essential ecosystem services, well-being of citizens, and biodiversity in a city. Gardening activities determine above- and belowground diversity of plants and insects. However, the effect of gardening activities on soil quality and soil functions have rarely been studied. For this purpose, a city-wide assessment of soil quality including key soil fauna species and soil functions was established on 170 plots in 85 urban gardens of the city of Zurich. They have been selected in accordance to an urbanisation gradient and to cover the spectrum of existing garden management practices, from intensively managed annual vegetable beds to extensively managed gardens dominated by perennial flowers and grass species. A management survey for the 85 participating gardeners was developed in collaboration with the subproject on aboveground ecosystem services, such as pollination and pest control, and the subproject studying the social value of urban gardens. This management survey was then used to assess drivers in soil quality, measured by a multitude of physical, chemical and biological soil quality indicators.
Taken together, soil quality was shaped by garden management activities and was mainly determined by three urban garden land-use types: vegetables (annual vegetation), flowers and berries (perennial vegetation dominated by forbs), and lawn (perennial vegetation dominated by grasses). In addition, heavy metal concentrations were linked to the proximity to traffic and industry, but not to other factors such as garden management or garden age.
Next, the soil function decomposition of organic material was investigated with litter bags of two different mesh sizes (1 and 4 mm) and litter types (Zea mays L. leaves and stems). In both litter types, we found the highest decomposition rates including both macro- and mesofauna species, but decomposition rates were higher in leaves, which are the better decomposable litter type. Garden management was again a main influencing factor affecting soil function decomposition and diversity of soil fauna species (earthworms, collembola, isopods and gastropods). We found a positive relationship of soil fauna species richness (4 taxonomic groups, 120 species and 81’007 individuals) as well as plant species richness with decomposition. This indicated that also in intensively managed urban greenspaces, such as urban gardens, biodiversity drives ecosystem services.
Furthermore, we assessed the impact of the three garden land-use types on soil fauna and multiple soil functions, related to food production and soil quality. The management of specific garden land-use types not only determined the diversity of plants aboveground, it had also implications on soil fauna and soil functions belowground. The strongest effects influencing soil multifunctionality were caused by the differences in soil characteristics. We found that across all urban garden soils, high soil biological quality had a positive effect on soil multifunctionality, whereas management intensity decreased plant and soil fauna diversity, which had a positive effect on soil multifunctionality. Moreover, we found that soil fauna species richness most often decreased with urbanisation, but soil fauna abundance increased. Decomposition rates were also found to be higher in more urbanised areas, while no significant effect was found with soil multifunctionality.
However, very little studies investigate current gardening practices. Therefore, we see a great potential of future investigations in urban garden ecosystems, for instance about other soil functions such as carbon or water storage potential, but also about effects of organic gardening practices on urban biodiversity. As an example, we have found that many gardeners still use pesticides in their gardens without knowing its detrimental effects on biodiversity and soil quality. Since the vast majority of urban gardeners are supportive of biodiversity, futures studies could develop and analyse ecological gardening practices on above- and belowground diversity and their effects on long-term soil quality, for example with a citizen science approach.
Overall, we highlighted that soil protective management practices, such as applying compost or mulch, and lower management intensity need to be integrated in urban planning strategies on a citywide scale but also at the local garden association level, in order to maintain important ecosystem services. We conclude that urban gardens have the potential to increase urban biodiversity and important ecosystem services, while at the same time being meeting points for people with different social backgrounds and increasing human well-being. - PublicationAccès libreFunctional responses of multi-taxa communities to disturbance and stress gradients in a restored floodplain(2015-1-1)
; ; ; ; Moretti, Marco1. Trait-based approaches can reveal the mechanisms through which disturbances or stress impact communities, allowing comparisons of the role of different mechanisms in shaping communities among taxonomic groups. Such information can lead to higher comparability, transferability and predictability of the outcome of restoration projects. However, multitaxa trait-based approaches were rarely used in the context of ecosystem restoration. 2. We investigated the responses to environmental gradients of seven taxa (vascular plants, staphylinid and carabid beetles, spiders, isopods, diplopods and earthworms) in a restored floodplain using a species traits approach. We assessed the impact of flood disturbances and soil hydric stress on the functional diversity (FD) and community-weighted mean (CWM) response of traits for each taxon. 3. Ordination of hydrological variables revealed two main gradients. The first was related to the spatiotemporal dynamics of flood disturbances and the second to the average changes in soil hydric conditions. 4. The analysis of CWM revealed that larger, poorly mobile species with narrow ecological tolerances were filtered by regular floods and/or changes in soil hydric conditions. 5. Functional diversity patterns differed between the two gradients: decreasing with increasing flood disturbance, but increasing along the soil hydric stress gradient. This suggests that the mechanisms shaping community composition differ between the two gradients with environmental filtering being dominant with increasing flood disturbances and competition decreasing with more soil hydric stress. 6. Synthesis and applications. Our study shows that the impact of restored flood disturbances and soil hydric stress on plant and invertebrate functional diversity and community- weighted mean can be positive, negative or more complex depending on the taxonomic group and environmental gradient considered. The patterns can to some extent be explained by the specific characteristics of each group. Larger, poorly mobile species with narrow ecological tolerances were particularly vulnerable to changes in disturbance and stress regime following floodplain restoration. These species may therefore be lost in the initial phases of restoration projects, but other more characteristic species of dynamic floodplains will be favoured. Understanding the consequences of these contrasted responses for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functioning constitutes the next challenge for ecosystem restoration.