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Küpfer, Philippe

Nom
Küpfer, Philippe
Affiliation principale
Fonction
Professeur honoraire
Email
philippe.kuepfer@unine.ch
Identifiants
https://libra.unine.ch/handle/123456789/301

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2011
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  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Sensitivity of plant and soil ecosystems of the Alps to climate change
    (Boston: MIT Press, 1998)
    Theurillat, Jean-Paul
    ;
    Felber, François 
    ;
    Geissler, Patricia
    ;
    Gobat, Jean-Michel 
    ;
    Fierz, Marlyse
    ;
    Fischlin, Andreas
    ;
    Küpfer, Philippe 
    ;
    Schlüssel, André
    ;
    Velutti, Caterina
    ;
    Zhao, Gui-Fang
    ;
    Cebon, Peter
    ;
    Dahinden, Urs
    ;
    Davies, Huw
    ;
    Imboden, Dieter
    ;
    Jaeger, Carlo
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Chromosome and breeding system evolution of the genus Mercurialis (Euphorbiaceae): implications of ITS molecular phylogeny
    (2002)
    Krähenbühl, M.
    ;
    Yuan, Y.-M.
    ;
    Küpfer, Philippe 
    The internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were amplified and sequenced from 19 samples representing all species of the genus Mercurialis and two outgroup species, Ricinus communis and Acalypha hispida. The length of ITS1 in the ingroups ranged from 223 to 246 bp and ITS2 from 210 to 218 bp. Sequence divergence between pairs of species ranged from 1.15% to 25.88% among the ingroup species in the combined data of ITS1 and ITS2. Heuristic phylogenetic analyses using Fitch parsimony on the combined data of ITS1 and ITS2 with gaps treated as missing generated 45 equally parsimonious trees. The strict consensus tree was principally concordant with morphological classification. Within the genus, the ITS sequences recognised two main infrageneric clades: the M. perennis complex including three Eurasian stoloniferous species (M.␣leiocarpa, M. ovata and M. perennis) and the western Mediterranean group including eight both annual and perennial species. Of the western Mediterranean clade, the annual and perennial species grouped respectively into two different groups, and the annual life form is revealed as a synapomorphic character derived from perennial, whereas in the Eurasian clade ITS phylogeny suggested M. leiocarpa as basal clade sister to M.␣perennis and M. ovata. ITS phylogeny failed to resolve the relationships among the different cytotypes of M. ovata and M. perennis. ITS phylogeny also suggested rapid karyotypic evolution for the genus. The karyotypic divergence among the perennial species of western Mediterranean region did not corroborate the nucleotide sequence divergence among the species. Optimisation of chromosome numbers onto the ITS phylogeny suggested x=8 to be the ancestral basic chromosome number of the genus. ITS phylogeny confirmed that the androdioecy of M. ambigua is derived from dioecy. The nucleotide heterozygosity and additivity in ITS sequences clearly confirm the interspecific hybridisation in the genus Mercurialis.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Chromosomal evolution of Gentiana and Jaeschkea (Gentianaceae), with further documentation of chromosome data for 35 species from western China
    (1998)
    Yuan, Yong-Ming
    ;
    Küpfer, Philippe 
    ;
    Zeltner, Louis
    Chromosome numbers were recorded for 63 populations of 34 species belonging to the genus Gentiana from the high altitude regions of western China. Counts for 22 species were reported for the first time and new numbers were found for G. heleonastes (2n = 36), G. prattii (2n = 20) and G. pseudoaquatica (2n = 40). Incorporating previous data, a complete series of gametic chromosome numbers from n = 6 to 24 and 26 was established for the genus, suggesting rapid karyotypic evolution by a combination of dysploidy and polyploidy. The cytotype 2n = 20 is proposed as the ancestral type in sect. Chondrophyllae s. l. The chromosome number 2n = 16 was found for Jaeschkea microsperma for the first time which, with previous reports of 2n = 18, 20 and 22, indicates that Jaeschkea is a typically dysploid genus.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Malagasy Dracaena Vand. ex L. (Ruscaceae): an investigation of discrepancies between morphological features and spatial genetic structure at a small evolutionary scale
    (2009)
    Buerki, Sven
    ;
    Callmander, Martin W.
    ;
    Schüpfer, Fanny
    ;
    Ravokatra, Mamy
    ;
    Küpfer, Philippe 
    ;
    Alvarez, Nadir
    Malagasy Dracaena (Ruscaceae) are divided into four species and 14 varieties, all of them showing a high level of morphological diversity and a putatively artefactual circumscription. In order to reveal relationships between those entangled entities, a span of Malagasy Dracaena were sampled and analyzed using cpDNA sequences and AFLP. The cpDNA analyses resolved three biogeographic clades that are mostly inconsistent with morphology, since similar phenotypes are found across the three clades. Bayesian inference clustering analyses based on the AFLP were not in accordance with the cpDNA analysis. This result might be explained by (1) a recent origin of the Malagasy species of Dracaena with an incomplete sorting of chloroplast lineages; (2) a high amount of hybridizations; (3) a complex migration pattern. Interestingly, when the AFLP are analyzed using the parsimony criterion, a trend towards a directional evolution of inflorescence types and ecological features was observed. This might be considered either as phenotypic plasticity and/or as the result of fast evolution in flower characters according to habitat preferences. Overall, our results point to the difficulty of defining evolutionarily significant units in Malagasy Dracaena, emphasizing the complex speciation processes taking place in tropical regions.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Cytotaxonomic notes on the tribe Helieae (Gentianaceae)
    Trunz, Vincent
    ;
    Zeltner, Louis
    ;
    Küpfer, Philippe 
    ;
    Grant, Jason R
    A survey of all known chromosome counts of gentian tribe Helieae are presented including new reports for ten species. Amongst the novelties are four genera of the Gentianaceae that are reported for the first time, Calolisianthus and Helia (both Helieae), and Schultesia and Zygostigma (both Chironieae). In the Helieae, our results reinforce the hypothesis of Weaver 1969 that two ploidy series occur in the tribe, one polyploid based on n = 20 and one dysploid based on n = 21. The basal chromosome number for the Helieae remains to be determined.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Phylogeny and Biogeography of Exacum (Gentianaceae): A Disjunctive Distribution in the Indian Ocean Basin Resulted from Long Distance Dispersal and Extensive Radiation
    (2005)
    Yuan, Yong-Ming
    ;
    Wohlhauser, Sébastien
    ;
    Möller, Michael
    ;
    Klackenberg, Jens
    ;
    Callmander, Martin W.
    ;
    Küpfer, Philippe 
    Disjunctive distributions across paleotropical regions in the Indian Ocean Basin (IOB) often invoke dispersal/vicariance debates. Exacum (Gentianaceae, tribe Exaceae) species are spread around the IOB, in Africa, Madagascar, Socotra, the Arabian peninsula, Sri Lanka, India, the Himalayas, mainland Southeast Asia including southern China and Malaysia, and northern Australia. The distribution of this genus was suggested to be a typical example of vicariance resulting from the breakup of the Gondwanan supercontinent. The molecular phylogeny of Exacum is in principle congruent with morphological conclusions and shows a pattern that resembles a vicariance scenario with rapid divergence among lineages, but our molecular dating analysis demonstrates that the radiation is too recent to be associated with the Gondwanan continental breakup. We used our dating analysis to test the results of DIVA and found that the program predicted impossible vicariance events. Ancestral area reconstruction suggests that Exacum originated in Madagascar, and divergence dating suggests its origin was not before the Eocene. The Madagascan progenitor, the most recent common ancestor of Exacum, colonized Sri Lanka and southern India via long-distance dispersals. This colonizer underwent an extensive range expansion and spread to Socotra-Arabia, northern India, and mainland Southeast Asia in the northern IOB when it was warm and humid in these regions. This widespread common ancestor retreated subsequently from most parts of these regions and survived in isolation in Socotra-Arabia, southern India–Sri Lanka, and perhaps mainland Southeast Asia, possibly as a consequence of drastic climatic changes, particularly the spreading drought during the Neogene. Secondary diversification from these surviving centers and Madagascar resulted in the extant main lineages of the genus. The vicariance-like pattern shown by the phylogeny appears to have resulted from long-distance dispersals followed by extensive range expansion and subsequent fragmentation. The extant African species E. oldenlandioides is confirmed to be recently dispersed from Madagascar.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Genetic structure and evolution of Alpine polyploid complexes: Ranunculus kuepferi (Ranunculaceae) as a case study
    (2009)
    Burnier, Julien
    ;
    Buerki, Sven
    ;
    Arrigo, Nils
    ;
    Küpfer, Philippe 
    ;
    Alvarez, Nadir
    The alpine white-flowered buttercup, Ranunculus kuepferi Greuter & Burdet, is a polyploid complex with diploids endemic to the southwestern Alps and polyploids – which have been previously described as apomictic – widespread throughout European mountains. Due to the polymorphic status of both its ploidy level and its reproductive mode, R. kuepferi represents a key species for understanding the evolution of polyploid lineages in alpine habitats. To disentangle the phylogeography of this polyploid taxon, we used cpDNA sequences and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers in 33 populations of R. kuepferi representative of its ploidy level and distribution area. Polyploid individuals were shown to be the result of at least two polyploidization events that may have taken place in the southwestern Alps. From this region, one single main migration of tetraploids colonized the entire Alpine range, the Apennines and Corsica. Genetic recombination among tetraploids was also observed, revealing the facultative nature of the apomictic reproductive mode in R. kuepferi polyploids. Our study shows the contrasting role played by diploid lineages mostly restricted to persistent refugia and by tetraploids, whose dispersal abilities have permitted their range extension all over the previously glaciated Alpine area and throughout neighbouring mountain massifs.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    History or ecology? Substrate type as a major driver of patial genetic structure in Alpine plants
    (2009)
    Alvarez, Nadir
    ;
    Thiel-Egenter, Conny
    ;
    Tribsch, Andreas
    ;
    Holderegger, Rolf
    ;
    Manel, Stéphanie
    ;
    Schönswetter, Peter
    ;
    Taberlet, Pierre
    ;
    Brodbeck, Sabine
    ;
    Gaudeul, Myriam
    ;
    Gielly, Ludovic
    ;
    Küpfer, Philippe 
    ;
    Mansion, Guilhem
    ;
    Negrini, Riccardo
    ;
    Paun, Ovidiu
    ;
    Pellecchia, Marco
    ;
    Rioux, Delphine
    ;
    Schüpfer, Fanny
    ;
    Van Loo, Marcela
    ;
    Winkler, Manuela
    ;
    Gugerli, Felix
    ;
    IntraBioDiv Consortium
    Climatic history and ecology are considered the most important factors moulding the spatial pattern of genetic diversity. With the advent of molecular markers, species' historical fates have been widely explored. However, it has remained speculative what role ecological factors have played in shaping spatial genetic structures within species. With an unprecedented, dense large-scale sampling and genome-screening, we tested how ecological factors have influenced the spatial genetic structures in Alpine plants. Here, we show that species growing on similar substrate types, largely determined by the nature of bedrock, displayed highly congruent spatial genetic structures. As the heterogeneous and disjunctive distribution of bedrock types in the Alps, decisive for refugial survival during the ice ages, is temporally stable, concerted post-glacial migration routes emerged. Our multispecies study demonstrates the relevance of particular ecological factors in shaping genetic patterns, which should be considered when modelling species projective distributions under climate change scenarios.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    High paraphyly of Swertia L. (Gentianaceae) in the Gentianella -lineage as revealed by nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence variation
    (2001)
    Chassot, P.
    ;
    Nemomissa, S.
    ;
    Yuan, Yong-Ming
    ;
    Küpfer, Philippe 
    The genus Swertia L., as currently defined, is polymorphic and mainly distributed in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Phylogenetic relationships between Swertia and the other genera of the Swertiinae sensu Struwe et al. (unpubl. data) are discussed based on cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data. The sequences used for this purpose include the trnL (UAA) intron, the intergenic spacers (IGS) between trnL (UAA) and trnF (GAA) exons, and between trnS (UGA) and ycf 9 exons of cpDNA, as well as the ITS region of nrDNA. Although moderately resolved, the phylogenies resulting from the separate analyses of nuclear and chloroplast data are congruent, and the incongruence length difference test (Farris et al. 1995) detected no character incongruence. The phylogeny suggested by the analysis of combined data sets defines Swertia as strongly paraphyletic in relation to the other genera. This taxon may have acted as a stem group, giving rise to diverse lineages, some of which are morphologically distinct and have been recognised at the generic level. Latouchea and Obolaria are closely related and occupy the basalmost position in the molecular tree. Swertia species are distributed in 9 different clades, three of which share a basal polytomy with Bartonia, Frasera, Gentianopsis, Halenia, Megacodon, Pterygocalyx and Veratrilla. Two lineages have an intermediate position. The remaining 4 clades occupy a more derived position. Two of the latter clades show a close relation with species of Gentianella s. str., and one is included in a large clade comprising Comastoma, Jaeschkea and Lomatogonium. Selected character states and their proposed polarity, such as number and structure of nectaries, stylar and seedcoat characteristics, pollen morphology, fusion of floral parts and chromosome number are discussed in the context of molecular data. Rugose, spinose, or winged seeds are found mainly in basal lineages, while smooth ones are typical for derived species. Chromosome numbers follow a similar pattern with x=13 restricted to basal lineages, while in more derived clades, x is always smaller than 13. With respect to the molecular phylogeny, taxonomic circumscriptions in the Swertiinae sensu Struwe et al. (unpubl. data) does not seem to reflect phyletic relationships.