Résultat de la recherche
Profiling displacement in the context of slow-onset environmental degradation An analysis of hazards, policies, and mobility patterns toward the development of a typology
Effizienz oder Ineffizienz der Videoüberwachung?
Erstmals in der Schweiz wurden die Auswirkungen von Überwachungskameras auf das Leben eines Quartiers in einer umfassenden, langfristig angelegten Studie untersucht. Hinsichtlich der Präventionswirkung der Kameras lässt sich aus den polizeilichen Statistiken keine Senkung der Kriminalität ableiten. Das nächtliche Sicherheitsgefühl von Seiten der Bevölkerung hingegen hat sich bei rund einem Drittel der Befragten erhöht. Allerdings ziehen die Befragten eine verstärkte Polizeipräsenz respektive eine bessere Strassenbeleuchtung gegenüber einer Ausweitung der Videoüberwachung vor.
Evaluation de la vidéoprotection dans les quartier des Pâquis : rapport final
Depuis mi-octobre 2014, le quartier des Pâquis est équipé de 29 caméras qui filment 24/24h et 7/7j un périmètre compris entre la place de Cornavin et les rues du Mont-Blanc, de Berne, Pellegrino-Rossi, De-Monthoux et de Fribourg. S'agissant d'un projet pilote, une évaluation indépendante sur cinq axes a été réalisée. Les résultats finaux sont présentés après deux ans d'exploitation.
Migration as a Risk Management Strategy in the Context of Climate Change: Evidence from the Bolivian Andes
Mountain regions are among the most vulnerable areas with regard to global environmental changes. In the Bolivian Andes, for example, environmental risks, such as those related to climate change, are numerous and often closely intertwined with social risks. Rural households are therefore characterized by high mobility, which is a traditional strategy of risk management. Nowadays, most rural households are involved in multi-residency or circular migratory movements at a regional, national, and international scale. Taking the case of two rural areas close to the city of La Paz, we analyzed migration patterns and drivers behind migrant household decisions in the Bolivian Andes. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with selected respondents from 68 households. The drivers for migration were categorized, their relative importance was calculated, and generalized linear mixed models were applied for statistical analyses. Our results underline that migration is a traditional peasant household strategy to increase income and manage livelihood risks under rising economic pressures, scarcity of land, insufficient local off-farm work opportunities, and low agricultural productivity. Migration predominantly occurs to nearby urban areas located in the same region. Climatic variability and water scarcity, which have increased through climate change, play crucial roles as additional stressors for agricultural production. Our results suggest that environmental factors do not drive migration independently, but are rather combined with socio-economic factors. There is a need for more research on the links between environmental changes driven by climate change and other factors and their effects on migration dynamics and rural development in the Bolivian Andes and adjacent areas.
The uneven geography of research on “environmental migration”
Climate change and environmental hazards affect the entire world, but their interactions with—and consequences on—human migration are unevenly distributed geographically. Research on climate and migration have their own geographies which do not necessarily coincide. This paper critically confronts these two geographies by presenting the first detailed mapping of research in the field of environmentally induced migration. After a brief review of the geography of research on climate change, the paper presents an overview of nearly 50 years of case studies on the basis of CliMig, a bibliographic database of 1193 scientific papers and books on climate/environmental change and migration, among them 463 empirical case studies. We analyze the locations of these case studies, the academic affiliations of their researchers, and the origin of their funding. Mapping the locations of case studies worldwide points toward blind spots in the research and identifies “overstudied” areas. We describe the methodologies used in the studies and present a typology of environmental hazards. Our results show that research on environmental migration is mainly done in countries of the Global South, whereas climate science research in general is focused on countries of the Global North. We contend that the peculiar geography of environmental migration cannot be explained solely by the uneven vulnerability of southern populations to the environment. It must also be understood through the lens of post-colonial and securitization studies as the result of a framing of “environmental refugees” (and refugees in general) as an intrinsically “southern problem” and as a security risk for the North. This paper is an original contribution to the literature on the North-South divide in scientific research and will help to outline future directions of investigation.
Territorialisation à distance par caméra vidéo : Perception de la vidéosurveillance au quartier des Pâquis à Genève
En s’appuyant sur des statistiques policières, cet article étudie les effets du dispositif de vidéosurveillance installé en novembre 2014 au quartier des Pâquis à Genève sur l’évolution de la criminalité au sein du périmètre filmé ainsi qu’aux alentours. Cette analyse complète un article précédent portant sur les effets des caméras concernant le sentiment de sécurité (Klauser et Kaenzig, 2017). Nos résultats mettent en évidence les effets préventifs limités de ce type de dispositif. En outre, l’article démontre et problématise l’existence d’un effetde déplacement de la criminalité induit par les caméras, en particulier s’agissant de la problématique du trafic de stupéfiants. Dans son ensemble, cette analyse génère une image complexe et différencié de la vidéosurveillance en tant qu’instrument de territorialisation des espaces publics surveillés.
Climate change adaptation of the tourism sector in the Bolivian Andes
Over the last 40 years, warmer temperatures have caused a considerable decrease in snow cover on glaciers and high rates of glacial melt, particularly in tropical mountains. In the Bolivian Andes, the Chacaltaya glacier (5400 masl) had been a tourist destination known as the highest ski slope in the world since 1939. As a result of climate change, skiing has not been possible after 1987 and the glacier definitely disappeared in 2009. However, since 2005, the place has become a new attraction for tourists. Travel agencies in La Paz now offer day trips to the Chacaltaya site. In order to understand the present attraction of the site and its potential for reproduction elsewhere, 25 semi-structured interviews were conducted with various categories of stakeholders involved in the tourism industry in La Paz, and archives and images were analysed. Our results show that the multifunctional character of this tourist site, including easy access to a summit, beautiful views, acclimatisation to altitude and opportunity to experience snow, are key factors in its renewed attraction for visitors, together with, to a lesser extent, the incentive of being able to watch a famous and evident full disappearance of a glacier and former ski slope. The stakeholders' groups share general views and perceptions about environmental changes and about the qualities of the site, but they also differ in terms of projects and evaluation of potential attractiveness. In particular, the development of the visibility of climate change impacts on mountain environment is valued by experts or by members of the Andean Club, but not by travel agencies. The example of Chacaltaya shows that multifunctional tourist sites may still be attractive in the future.
Vidéosurveillance et insécurités urbaines : Etude de l’efficacité préventive du dispositif de caméras installé au quartier des Pâquis à Genève
Drawing upon police statistics, this paper explores the impacts of the videosurveillance cameras (CCTV) installed in November 2014 in the Pâquis neighborhood in Geneva. It focuses on the evolution of criminality within the filmed perimeter and nearby settings. This analysis completes a previous article on the perceived safety of residents (Klauser and Kaenzig, 2017). In line with former studies, our results underline the limited preventive effects of the CCTV system. The analysis shows that cameras are inducing criminality displacement, mainly of drug trafficking. Overall, this study provides a differentiated and complex image of CCTV systems as instruments of territorialization of monitored areas.
Bolivie : Réchauffement climatique, pression démographique et mauvaise gouvernance : l’équation sinistre !
Une fois de plus, les habitants de La Paz, siège du gouvernement de la Bolivie, n’ont plus accès à l’eau courante et les réserves n’ont jamais été aussi basses. Le Président andin Evo Morales Ayma a déclaré l’état d’urgence la semaine dernière. Attribuant cette crise au changement climatique, il annonçait à cette occasion que le « pire était encore à venir ». Pour les habitants de La Paz les mesures de rationnements sont drastiques : 3 heures d’eau courante à basse pression tous les 3 jours, selon les quartiers.
Caméras à Genève: effet placebo ou effet papillon?
La mise en service de 29 caméras de vidéosurveillance fin 2014 dans le quartier des Pâquis avait fait grand bruit à Genève. Des associations d’habitants, les syndicats de travailleuses du sexe ainsi que certains politiques s'étaient farouchement opposés à ce que l’Etat filme leur quartier 24/24h. A l’inverse, certains commerçants et habitants, ne supportant plus le bruit et les déprédations, réclamaient des mesures sécuritaires plus rigoureuses et accueillaient favorablement ce système de surveillance. Qu'en est-il, un an après la mise en service des caméras? Le point en détails.