Methane- and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria at the chemocline of Lake Kinneret (Israel)

The vertical distribution of methane- and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (MOB and AOB, respectively), and the physicochemical conditions in the chemocline of Lake Kinneret (Israel) were studied at a resolution of 10 cm from 16.2 to 17.7 m depth. Profiles of the chemical parameters indicated decreasing concentrations of methane (from 22.4 to 0.11 μmol l^–1) and ammonia (from 14.2 to 8.4 μmol l^–1) towards the water surface and in close proximity to the chemocline. The disappearance of methane coincided with methane oxidation that could be corroborated throughout this layer with highest rates at 17.4 to 17.6 m. Disappearance of ammonia could not be linked to ammonia oxidation exclusively. The genes <i>pmoA</i> and the homologous <i>amoA</i> (coding for subunit α of the methane and ammonia monooxygenase, respectively) were amplified by PCR. The products were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and sequencing of clone libraries. The results demonstrated that different MOB and AOB communities are established along the concentration gradient within the narrow layer of the metalimnetic chemocline. Changes in the intensity of the T-RFLP peaks and the frequency of different groups of alpha- and gammaproteobacterial MOB, and betaproteobacterial AOB, coincided with the concentration gradients of methane, ammonia, nitrate, and oxygen in the chemocline. This suggests that different communities of MOB, and to a lesser extent AOB, contribute to the formation of chemical gradients of their particular substrates in the chemocline.