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Marston, Kevin Tallec
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Marston, Kevin Tallec
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- PublicationAccès libreGovernance relationships in football between management and labour(Neuchâtel: Centre International d’Etude du Sport (CIES), 2017)
; ; Building on the two prior CIES governance studies, this is the third FIFA-mandated research analysing governance relationships in football. This book focuses on those between football’s employers (clubs, leagues and even NAs) and its labour force. Based on a sample of forty countries across all six confederations and questionnaires from players’ associations, leagues and national associations, this research surveys and compares the diverse ‘management-labour’ approaches and scenarios in both men and women’s professional football worldwide. The authors place a special focus on players’ associations and highlight the variety of structures found world-wide. The findings here contribute to a better understanding of the systems, models and relationships in place around the globe when it comes to ‘management’ and ‘labour’. This book explores the representation of players within decision-making structures at club, league and national association level as well as the regulatory contexts and negotiation instruments linking players and management - such as collaborative agreements/MoUs, CBAs, minimum contract requirements and dispute resolution. In addition, this study provides a first ever global exploration of some of the inner workings of players’ associations and an overview of the key issues in professional football from the player’s perspective. The final chapter offers several models and frameworks illustrating the governance relationships between players and management. All three authors work at the International Centre for Sport Studies (CIES). Kevin Tallec Marston earned his PhD in history and works as research fellow and academic projects manager. Camille Boillat has a masters in geography and works as a scientific collaborator. Fernando Roitman has masters in economics and sport management and works as a project manager. - PublicationAccès libreGovernance Models Across Football Leagues and Clubs(Neuchâtel: Centre International d’Etude du Sport (CIES), 2016)
; Building on its first governance study about national associations and leagues (Boillat & Poli, 2014), CIES has published a second book that analyses the league-club relationship and issues around internal club governance. This research project, started in late 2014 and now published in the wake of ongoing FIFA governance reforms, studies the variety of models that exist at both league and club level. In this vein, the authors draw on core areas of club licensing as a basis for an exploratory global comparative analysis of a sample of eighteen leagues and one hundred and forty-one clubs spanning all six confederations. Covered in the book are topics including ownership requirements, political representation and decision-making, financial rights and obligations, players’ status, infrastructure, promotion/relegation and the disciplinary process. The authors outline the limits of where league responsibilities end and club ones begin. At the club level, the study explores the questions of legal form, political representation and management, administrative structure and the role of supporters and links with the community. The authors highlight the variety of league-club relationships and internal club governance models across the globe. In general, the book argues that clubs have a strong voice in the management and governance of their leagues. However, the club-league relationships are far from uniform around the world and cannot be categorized as simply either ‘horizontal’ or ‘vertical’. Clubs themselves have diverse internal structures, even if there are some common practices across continents. This book serves as a first step towards a blueprint for possible global benchmarking across leagues and clubs and argues for the necessity of ongoing empirical analysis of professional football. - PublicationAccès libreAn international comparative history of youth football in France and the United States (c.1920-c.2000): The Age Paradigm and the Demarcation of the youth game as a separate sector of the sport(Leicester, United Kingdom : The International Centre for Sport History and Culture, Faculty of Art, Design and Humanities, De Montfort University, 2012, )This thesis contends that the contemporary phenomenon of youth football is the fruit of a variety of historical developments over the twentieth century. The manner in which the junior game evolved as an independent subset of the sport in France and America was certainly exemplary of the idiosyncrasies of national sporting culture, football in particular, the general timeline of each country as well as the place of ‘youth’ in wider society. The present study aims to expand the understanding of the game of football, specifically the youth sector, through a transnational line of enquiry covering the period from circa 1920 to circa 2000. The thesis structure is broadly thematic and chronological. This comparative approach attempts to remain coherent across both countries with a goal of outlining the core issues and major shifts which occurred over the chosen period.
Youth football underwent a process of demarcation from the adult or elite game but maintained and furthered specific mechanisms linking the two across sporting, educational, and professional bridges. With the decade of the 1970s serving as a turning point, the youth level achieved a sort of independence while being inextricably fused to the top level. The essence of the growing separation of the youth from the senior level rested on the fundamental notion of ‘age’ as opposed to ‘ability’. The organisation of football around this concept of ‘age’, and the resulting limitation of participation, provided a basis for ‘junior’ football as a distinct entity by the last quarter of the twentieth century.
Subsequent divisions extended the differences between age categories and created a full competitive youth spectrum for younger and younger players. The game was, as a result, “juvenilized”. The registration of players and the competitions for which this registration was so important reflected the relevance of ‘age’. Throughout this process, though in different ways and at different speeds in the two countries studied, the youth game was drawn away from its roots in the school and as a pillar of the world of education. After the initial interwar and post-war eras, youth football moved toward the worlds of the club and association.
This specialisation of the game was also evident in the rules and the equipment, all of which were progressively adapted for a more pedagogically correct, and perhaps commercially oriented, fit. While the youth game separated from the adult footballing world through age classification, distinct competitive spaces, adapted rules and equipment, that expanding gulf was continually bridged in various ways in order to maintain, develop, and create new links between these two increasingly distinct sectors of the sport. The link with the elite and the professional levels was certainly not new, but from the 1970s onwards it was solidified over time and the relationship grew closer as education moved farther away or, at the least, took a back seat to ‘professional training’.
By the close of the twentieth century, this ultimately placed the youth game as distinct from the adult game. Yet, somewhat contradictorily, it was closer than ever to the elite professional domain. As subject to international, professional and commercial forces, the youth game was fused to elite football. These three forces pulled youth football away from their uniquely national idioms and towards a more globalized arena. Harmonizing the experience across national boundaries, a blend of educational, sporting and professional bridges ensured and furthered the connection between the youth and the adult elite player. From the late nineteenth century’s amateur world view – where football and sport were idealized as a means for development of the human being or the vehicle for the transmission of elite social values – the effects of professionalization turned football into an end in itself as a legitimate career. From child’s play to a real métier. By the end of the twentieth century, the youth game stood confidently with one foot in each world.