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Gong, Chengcheng
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Gong, Chengcheng
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- PublicationAccès libreInfiltration and recharge processes in semi-arid regionsLes processus d'infiltration et de recharge jouent un rôle important dans le cycle hydrologique. Une estimation robuste de la recharge est essentielle pour une gestion durable des ressources en eau, en particulier dans les régions arides et semi-arides où l'eau de surface est limitée et les eaux souterraines constituent la principale source d'eau tout au long de l'année. Cependant, l'estimation de la recharge reste un défi, car de nombreux processus importants sont difficiles à mesurer. Par exemple, les processus d'évaporation et de transpiration influencent fortement la dynamique de la recharge, mais sont difficiles à quantifier. De plus, les taux de transpiration et d'évaporation sont également influencés par la profondeur de la nappe phréatique. La présence de végétation influence l'interception des précipitations, affectant ainsi la dynamique de la recharge, et cette influence est difficile à quantifier. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'accroître la robustesse de l'estimation de la recharge, en se concentrant sur les régions semi-arides. La thèse s'appuie sur une combinaison de mesures lysimétriques dans le bassin du Guanzhong et dans le désert de Mu Us avec des modèles numériques. Dans la première contribution, une évaluation systématique de la fiabilité de quatre méthodes couramment utilisées pour estimer l'évaporation du sol nu est réalisée en tenant compte de la profondeur variable de la nappe phréatique. Les résultats montrent que la méthode de la production maximale d'entropie a donné les meilleurs résultats pour toutes les profondeurs de nappe phréatique. La profondeur d'extinction (profondeur maximale d’évapotranspiration) est un indicateur important à considérer pour les méthodes d'estimation de l'évaporation. Ensuite, l'influence de l'arbuste, Salix psammophila, sur le processus d'infiltration est étudiée dans des conditions de nappe phréatique peu profonde et profonde. Salix psammophila est une phréatophyte capable d'absorber de l'eau à la fois de la nappe phrééatique et de la zone vadose. En particulier, la répartition de la densité des racines en réponse à des profondeurs de nappe phréatique peu profondes et profondes a été systématiquement analysée. Nous concentrons notre recherche sur cette espèce spécifique, car dans les projets de reforestation à grande échelle en cours dans le désert de Mu Us, la Chine utilise cette espèce. Les résultats montrent que le reboisement de Salix psammophila peut provoquer une baisse de la nappe phréatique, empêcher la recharge des eaux souterraines et réduire l'infiltration effective. Dans la troisième contribution, la thèse se concentre sur l'investigation de la possibilité d'extraire de manière unique la recharge réelle à partir de modèles de flux souterrain variablement saturé. Étant donné que les modèles de flux souterrain variablement saturé conceptualisent et simulent le mouvement de l'eau à la fois dans les zones non saturées et saturées, il est attendu que la recharge puisse être extraite de manière fiable à partir de ce type de modèles. Les résultats montrent que la recharge réelle ne peut pas être extraite de manière unique des modèles de flux souterrain variablement saturé, contrairement à la recharge potentielle. Enfin, nous avons évalué les performances de différentes méthodes pour estimer la porosité efficace lors de l'estimation de la recharge sous différentes conditions de nappe phréatique. Les résultats indiquent que l'estimation de la recharge peut être améliorée par l'utilisation de porosités efficaces dépendantes de la profondeur, sous réserve de l'acquisition de paramètres fiables. D'un point de vue méthodologique, la combinaison de mesures lysimétriques avec différentes profondeurs de nappe phréatique et de modèles de flux souterrain variablement saturé constitue une approche puissante pour explorer les processus d'infiltration et de recharge dans des conditions naturelles. 摘要 入渗和补给过程在水文循环中发挥着重要作用 。 加强 地下水补给 量的准确估计 对于 水资源的可持续开发利用至关重要 尤其是在干旱和半干旱地区, 地表水资源匮乏,地 下水成为全年重要的水源。然而,由于影响补给量估计的因素难以观测,因此精确计算 地下水的补给量仍面临挑战。例如,蒸散发过程对补给的动态变化有显著影响,但很难 进行定量分析。此外,地下水的埋深也会影响蒸散发速率。植被的存在能够截留降雨, 进一步影响补给的动态变化速率,但这种影响同样难以定量化 。 论文将在半干旱区关中盆地和毛乌素沙地开展一系列的蒸渗仪实验 并 结合数值模 拟的方法,研究入渗和补给的机理, 增强 补给计算的可靠性。 论文的第一个贡献是 ,考虑在影响入渗补给动态方面蒸发的重要性,论文 系 统评估 了四种常 用的裸土蒸发量计算方法在不同的地下水位埋深条件下计算蒸发量的可靠性 。 研究表明最大熵增蒸散法在不同地下水位埋深条件下都能较好地计算蒸发量。 极限蒸发 深度是选择蒸发量计算方法的重要参考指标。 随后 ,研究了毛乌素沙地典型的灌木(沙柳 Salix psammophila)在浅地下水位埋 深和深地下水位埋深条件下对入渗补给过程的影响。沙柳是一种能吸收地下水和包气带 水的深根植物。 需要重点指出的是 ,本文系统地分析了在浅水位和深水位深度的条件下 根系密度的分布状态。之所以本论文重点研究沙柳是因为在中国毛乌素沙地当前的大规 模植树项 目中,沙柳被广泛地种植。 研究表明种植沙柳会引起地下水位下降 ,减少地下 水的补给和降雨有效入渗量。 第三个贡献 论文重点研究了是否可以从变饱和地下水流模型中得到唯一且可靠的 实际地下水补给量。由于变饱和地下水流模型能够同时模拟饱和带和非饱和带水流,因 此人们对从该模型中获取可靠的补给量寄予厚望。研究表明,基于变饱和地下水流模型 无法 获得 唯一可靠的实际补给量,但可以获得唯一的潜在地下水补给量 。 最后 ,论文评价了在不同地下水位埋深条件下,采用不同的给水度定义方法计算地 下水补给量的可靠性,尤其是系统地分析了与地下水位埋深有 关的给水度计算补给量的 可靠性。 研究结果表明如果可以获得可靠的土壤水分特征曲线参数,采用考虑地下水位 埋深的给水度可以提高地下水位补给量计算的精度。 从方法的角度来看,将不同地下水位埋深的蒸渗仪试验与变饱和的地下水流数值模 型的方法 相结合 能够有效地 用于探索自然条件下的入渗和补给过程。 Abstract Infiltration and recharge processes play an important role in the hydrological cycle. Robust estimation of recharge is critical for sustainable water resource management, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where surface water is limited and groundwater constitutes the main source of water throughout the year. However, the estimation of recharge remains a challenge as many of the controlling factors are difficult to measure. For example, evaporation and transpiration processes strongly influence recharge dynamics but are difficult to quantify. Moreover, transpiration and evaporation rates are also influenced by the depth to groundwater. The presence of vegetation influences the interception of rainfall, further affecting recharge dynamics, and this influence is difficult to quantify. The goal of this thesis is to increase the robustness of recharge estimation, with a focus on semi-arid regions. The thesis is based on a combination of lysimeter experiments in Guanzhong Basin and Mu Us Sandy Land with numerical models. In the first contribution, a systematic assessment of the reliability of four commonly used methods for estimating bare soil evaporation is carried out under consideration of variable depth to groundwater. The results show that the maximum entropy production method performed best for all water table depths. The extinction depth is an important indicator for considering methods for estimating evaporation. Subsequently, the influence of shrub (Salix psammophila) on the infiltration process is investigated under both shallow and deep water table conditions. Salix psammophila is a phreatophyte which can absorb water from both groundwater and the vadose zone. In particular, the distribution of root density in response to shallow and deep water table depths was systematically analyzed. We focus our research on this specific species, as in the current, large reforestation projects in Mu Us Sandy Land, China is using this species. The results show that Salix psammophila afforestation can cause a decline of the water table, prevent groundwater recharge, and reduce effective infiltration. In the third contribution, the thesis focuses on investigating whether actual recharge can be uniquely extracted from variably saturated subsurface flow models. As variably saturated subsurface flow models conceptualize and simulate water flow in both the unsaturated and saturated zones, recharge is expected to be reliably extracted from such kinds of models. The results show that actual recharge cannot be uniquely extracted from variably saturated subsurface flow models, as opposed to the potential recharge. Finally, we evaluated the performances of different methods to estimate specific yield for estimating recharge under different water table conditions. In particular, the depth-dependency of specific yields was examined for estimating recharge. The results indicate that the estimation of recharge can be enhanced through the utilization of depth-dependent specific yield, contingent upon the acquisition of reliable parameters. From a methodological point of view, the combination of lysimeter experiments with different water table depths and variably-saturated subsurface flow models constituted a powerful approach for exploring infiltration and recharge processes under natural conditions.
- PublicationAccès libreSalix psammophila afforestations can cause a decline of the water table, prevent groundwater recharge and reduce effective infiltration(2021-8)
;Zhang, Zaiyong ;Wang, Wenke; ;Zhao, Ming ;Hendricks Franssen, Harrie-JanAfforestation can reduce desertification and soil erosion. However, the hydrologic implications of afforestation are not well investigated, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. China has the largest area of afforestation in the world, with one-third of the world's total plantation forests. How the shrubs affect evapotranspiration, soil moisture dynamics, and groundwater recharge remains unclear. We designed two pairs of lysimeters, one being 1.2 m deep and the other one 4.2 m deep. Each pair consists of one lysimeter with bare soil, while on the other one a shrub is planted. The different water table depths were implemented to understand how depth to groundwater affects soil moisture and water table dynamics under different hydrological conditions. Soil moisture, water table depth, sap flow, and rainfall were measured concurrently. Our study confirms that for the current meteorological conditions in the Ordos plateau recharge is reduced or even prohibited through the large-scale plantation Salix psammophila. Shrubs also raise the threshold of precipitation required to increase soil moisture of the surface ground. For the conditions we analyzed, a minimum of 6 mm of precipitation was required for infiltration processes to commence. In addition to the hydrological analysis, the density of root distribution is assessed outside of the lysimeters for different water table depths. The results suggest that the root-density distribution is strongly affected by water table depth. Our results have important implications for the determination of the optimal shrub-density in future plantations, as well as for the conceptualization of plant roots in upcoming numerical models. - PublicationAccès libreComparison of field methods for estimating evaporation from bare soil using lysimeters in a semi-arid area(2020-8-1)
; ;Wang, Wenke ;Zhang, Zaiyong ;Wang, Hao ;Luo, JieEvaporation from bare soil is an important component of a catchment water balance. However, it is arguably one of the most challenging hydrological processes to estimate and measure accurately. Several approaches to estimate soil evaporation exist, but their performance for specific water table conditions remains unclear. This study investigated the performance of four commonly used approaches and several ways on how to implement them: the energy-balanced based FAO-56 method with the skin evaporation enhancement (FAO-56 skin), hydraulic methods based on groundwater level fluctuation (GLF), Darcy’s law, and the maximum entropy production (MEP) method based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics theory. Three lysimeters with different water table depths were used at a research site in the Guanzhong Basin of China. The lysimeters were equipped with soil moisture probes. Water table fluctuations were also measured. The data allow us to accurately estimate evaporation rates using a water balance approach and are used to assess the performance of the analysed methods. The results show that: (1) The MEP method performed best for all water table conditions, but tends to overestimate evaporation if the water table is below the extinction depth. The extinction depth is the depth of the water table were there the contribution of groundwater to bare-soil evaporation is zero. In our case, the extinction depth was 78 cm. (2) The FAO-56 skin method underestimated evaporation where the water table was above the extinction depth, and vice versa. (3) The groundwater level fluctuation method significantly overestimated the evaporation if the specific yield was estimated using hydraulic methods. The groundwater level fluctuation method should be combined with a soil water balance, independent of water table conditions. The method can only be applied if the water table is above the extinction depth. (4) Conceptually, Darcy’s law was suitable for estimating evaporation. However, the estimation of the required parameters is challenging. A good fit could only be obtained through calibration to measured evaporation rates. - PublicationAccès libreAssessing bare-soil evaporation from different water-table depths using lysimeters and a numerical model in the Ordos Basin, China(2019-7)
;Ma, Zhitong ;Wang, Wenke ;Zhang, Zaiyong; ;Wang, Zhoufeng ;Chen, Li ;Zhao, MingIn semiarid and arid regions, the evaporation from bare soil is highly sensitive to changes in the depth to the water table. This study quantifies the relation between water-table depth and the groundwater contribution to evaporation in the Ordos Basin in China. In-situ field experiments were combined with numerical simulations of heat, vapor and liquid water flow. Based on lysimeter experiments and a calibrated numerical model, a relation between depth to groundwater and evaporation rate was established for the lysimeter site. In addition, a sensitivity analysis considering the hydraulic conductivity and the inverse of the air-entry pressure (vanGenuchten α) was established. For the field site, the results showed that for the water-table depths less than 52 cm below the ground, evaporation is independent of the water-table depth. For water-table depths exceeding 52 cm, an exponential relation between depth to groundwater and evaporation is observed. No phreatic evaporation occurs for water tables deeper than 105 cm, which is nearly two times the capillary fringe height. The sensitivity analysis showed that the extinction depth decreased with decreasing hydraulic conductivity and increased with α. The field-specific results and the sensitivity analysis provide valuable information to understand the dynamic processes of soil evaporation in the Ordos Basin. From a methodological point of view, the proposed modelling approach and the integration of lysimeter data proved to be a highly efficient combination to study evaporation dynamics in semi-arid and arid environments.