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Stoeckli, Fritz

Nom
Stoeckli, Fritz
Affiliation principale
Fonction
Professeur.e émérite
Email
fritz.stoeckli@unine.ch
Identifiants
https://libra.unine.ch/handle/123456789/471

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  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Cherry stones as precursor of activated carbons for supercapacitors
    (2009)
    Olivares-Marín, M.
    ;
    Fernández, J. A.
    ;
    Lázaro, M. J.
    ;
    Fernández-González, C.
    ;
    Macías-García, A.
    ;
    Gómez-Serrano, V.
    ;
    Stoeckli, Fritz 
    ;
    Centeno, Teresa A.
    It is shown that cherry stones-wastes can be recycled as activated carbons for electrode material in supercapacitors. KOH-activation of this precursor at 800–900 °C is an efficient process to obtain carbons with large specific surface areas (1100–1300 m2 g−1), average pore sizes around 0.9–1.3 nm, which makes them accessible to electrolyte ions, and conductivities between 1 and 2 S cm−1. These features lead to capacitances at low current density as high as 230 F g−1 in 2 M H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte and 120 F g−1 in the aprotic medium 1 M (C2H5)4NBF4/acetonitrile. Furthermore, high performance is also achieved at high current densities, which means that this type of materials competes well with commercial carbons used at present in supercapacitors.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Contributions of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin to the mass and the porous properties of chars and steam activated carbons from various lignocellulosic precursors
    (2009)
    Cagnon, Benoît
    ;
    Py, Xavier
    ;
    Guillot, André
    ;
    Stoeckli, Fritz 
    ;
    Chambat, Gérard
    In this study, contributions of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin to the mass and the porous properties of chars and activated carbons from various lignocellulosic materials were studied. A predictive calculation was established using the experimental results obtained for the three components separately to evaluate the carbonization and activation yields and their respective contributions to the chars and to the subsequent activated carbons of various precursors in term of weight fraction. These equations were validated. The results showed that lignin can be considering as being the major contributor of all chars and activated carbons. Besides, the evolution of the mean pore size versus the specific porous volume showed that each component contributes to the porosity of chars and activated carbons whatever is its weight contribution.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Correlation between heats of immersion and limiting capacitances in porous carbons
    (2008)
    Centeno, Teresa A.
    ;
    Fernández, J. A.
    ;
    Stoeckli, Fritz 
    Based on more than 80 carbons, the paper shows that immersion calorimetry into benzene, water and carbon tetrachloride can be used to assess with a good accuracy the limiting capacitance Co at low current densities in both acidic (2 M H2SO4) and aprotic (1M tetraethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile) electrolytic solutions. The enthalpies of immersion ΔiH(C6H6) and ΔiH(H2O) provide information on Co-acidic, where both the surface area and the oxygen content play a role. On the other hand, in the case of the organic electrolyte the oxygen content has only a small influence and Co-aprotic is directly related to ΔiH(C6H6) and ΔiH(CCl4). Carbon tetrachloride has a critical dimension (0.65 nm), which is close to the size of the (C2H5)4N+ ion (0.68 nm) and therefore ΔiH(CCl4) provides better information in the case of carbons with small micropores. The advantage of this approach lies in the fact that immersion calorimetry, in itself a useful tool for the structural and the chemical characterization of carbons, can also be used to evaluate directly the gravimetric capacitances of these solids at low current densities.Based on more than 80 carbons, the paper shows that immersion calorimetry into benzene, water and carbon tetrachloride can be used to assess with a good accuracy the limiting capacitance Co at low current densities in both acidic (2 M H2SO4) and aprotic (1M tetraethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile) electrolytic solutions. The enthalpies of immersion ΔiH(C6H6) and ΔiH(H2O) provide information on Co-acidic, where both the surface area and the oxygen content play a role. On the other hand, in the case of the organic electrolyte the oxygen content has only a small influence and Co-aprotic is directly related to ΔiH(C6H6) and ΔiH(CCl4). Carbon tetrachloride has a critical dimension (0.65 nm), which is close to the size of the (C2H5)4N+ ion (0.68 nm) and therefore ΔiH(CCl4) provides better information in the case of carbons with small micropores. The advantage of this approach lies in the fact that immersion calorimetry, in itself a useful tool for the structural and the chemical characterization of carbons, can also be used to evaluate directly the gravimetric capacitances of these solids at low current densities.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Extension of Dubinin’s Theory to Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions
    (2008)
    Stoeckli, Fritz 
    ;
    Nevskaia Dascha M.
    ;
    Castillejos-Lopez Eva
    ;
    Centeno, Teresa A.
    Adsorption of sparingly soluble organics from aqueous solutions, by activated carbons, can be described within the framework of Dubinin's theory by using a modified Dubinin-Radushkevich-Kaganer (DRK) equequation, where relative pressures are replaced by relative concentrations. With respect to the descriptions based on the Langmuir model and similar expressions, this approach has the advantage that it allows predictions on the basis of simple physico-chemical properties of the solid and of the adsorbate. Preliminary experiments indicate that in the case of dilute binary mixtures, the model of independent coadsorption, based on the DRK equation, applies. However, more experimental evidence is needed to confirm this potentially very useful approach in filtration technology.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Applications of Immersion Calorimetry in Dubinin’s Theory and Electrochemistry
    (2008)
    Stoeckli, Fritz 
    ;
    Centeno, Teresa A.
    This study shows that immersion calorimetry is a useful technique which simplifies considerably the analysis of porosity and chemical nature of activated carbons. The characterization of activated carbons in the general theoretical framework of Dubinin's theory with its extensions to calorimetry and adsorption from solutions allows the identification of some key parameters for the performance of these materials in electrochemical capacitors.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Performance of mesoporous carbons derived from poly(vinyl alcohol) in electrochemical capacitors
    (2008)
    Fernández, J. A.
    ;
    Morishita, T.
    ;
    Toyoda, M.
    ;
    Inagaki, M.
    ;
    Stoeckli, Fritz 
    ;
    Centeno, Teresa A.
    The present work shows that mesoporous materials obtained by the carbonization of mixtures of poly(vinyl alcohol) with magnesium citrate are very promising candidates for electrodes in supercapacitors. Their high performance arises essentially from a double-layer mechanism through the extent of the total surface area and one obtains at low current density (1 mA cm−2) values as high as 180 F g−1 in aqueous 2 M H2SO4 electrolyte and around 100 F g−1 in 1 M (C2H5)4NBF4 in acetonitrile. Moreover, in most cases the specific capacitance is reduced only by 15% at 100 mA cm−2, as opposed to many other types of carbons which display much higher reductions.

    This study suggests that these novel carbons could be potentially more advantageous as electrodes in electrochemical capacitors than templated mesoporous carbons.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Improvement of the structural and chemical properties of a commercial activated carbon for its application in electrochemical capacitors
    (2008)
    Lota, G.
    ;
    Centeno, Teresa A.
    ;
    Frackowiak, E.
    ;
    Stoeckli, Fritz 
    The present paper shows that the performance of an inexpensive activated carbon used in electrochemical capacitors can be significantly enhanced by a simple treatment with KOH at 850 °C. The changes in the specific surface area, as well as in the surface chemistry, lead to high capacitance values, which provide a noticeable energy density.
    The KOH-treatment of a commercial activated carbon leads to highly pure carbons with effective surface areas in the range of 1300–1500 m2 g−1 and gravimetric capacitances as high as three times that of the raw carbon.
    For re-activated carbons, one obtains at low current density (50 mA g−1) values of 200 F g−1 in aqueous electrolytes (1M H2SO4 and 6M KOH) and around 150 F g−1 in 1M (C2H5)4NBF4 in acetonitrile. Furthermore, the resulting carbons present an enhanced and stable performance for high charge/discharge load in organic and aqueous media.
    This work confirms the possibilities offered by immersion calorimetry on its own for the prediction of the specific capacitance of carbons in (C2H5)4NBF4/acetonitrile. On the other hand, it also shows the limitations of this technique to assess, with a good accuracy, the suitability of a carbon to be used as capacitor electrodes operating in aqueous electrolytes (H2SO4 and KOH).
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    EDLC performance of carbide-derived carbons in aprotic and acidic electrolytes
    (2008)
    Fernández, J. A.
    ;
    Arulepp, M.
    ;
    Leis, J.
    ;
    Stoeckli, Fritz 
    ;
    Centeno, Teresa A.
    This study shows that carbide-derived carbons (CDCs) with average pore size distributions around 0.9–1 nm and effective surface areas of 1300–1400 m2 g−1 provide electrochemical double-layer capacitors with high performances in both aqueous (2M H2SO4) and aprotic (1M (C2H5)4NBF4 in acetonitrile) electrolytes.
    In the acidic electrolytic solution, the gravimetric capacitance at low current density (1 mA cm−2) can exceed 200 F g−1, whereas the volumetric capacitance reaches 90 F cm−3. In the aprotic electrolyte they reach 150 F g−1 and 60 F cm−3.
    A detailed comparison of the capacitive behaviour of CDCs at high current density (up to 100 mA cm−2) with other microporous and mesoporous carbons indicates better rate capabilities for the present materials in both electrolytes. This is due to the high surface area, the accessible porosity and the relatively low oxygen content.
    It also appears that the surface-related capacitances of the present CDCs in the aprotic electrolyte are in line with other carbons and show no anomalous behaviour.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Correlation between capacitances of porous carbons in acidic and aprotic EDLC electrolytes
    (2007)
    Centeno, Teresa A.
    ;
    Hahn, M.
    ;
    Fernández, J. A.
    ;
    Kötz, R.
    ;
    Stoeckli, Fritz 
    A study based on a total of 41 nanoporous carbons shows that there exists a good correlation between the limiting gravimetric capacitances Co at low current densities j (1 mA cm −2 ) measured in aprotic (1 M (C2H5)4NBF4 in acetonitrile) and in acidic (2 M aqueous H2SO4) electrolytes. The comparison of the surface-related capacitances (F m −2 ) of well characterized samples with the amount of thermodesorbed CO suggests a strong contribution of CO generating surface groups to charge storage in the acidic electrolyte, but a negligible contribution in the aprotic medium. It also appears that the decrease of the capacitance with current density is similar in both electrolytes. This confirms that the average micropore width and the CO2 generating surface groups are the main factors which limit the ionic mobility in both electrolytes.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Performance of templated mesoporous carbons in supercapacitors
    (2007)
    Sevilla, M.
    ;
    Álvarez, S.
    ;
    Centeno, Teresa A.
    ;
    Fuertes, A. B.
    ;
    Stoeckli, Fritz 
    By analogy with other types of carbons, templated mesoporous carbons (TMCs) can be used as supercapacitors. Their contribution arises essentially from the double layer capacity formed on their surface, which corresponds to 0.14 F m−2 in aqueous electrolytes such as H2SO4 and KOH and 0.06 F m−2 for the aprotic medium (C2H5)4NBF4 in CH3CN. In the case of a series of 27 TMCs, it appears that the effective surface area determined by independent techniques can be as high as 1500–1600 m2 g−1, and therefore exceeds the value obtained for many activated carbons (typically 900–1300 m2 g−1). On the other hand, the relatively low amount of surface oxygen in the present TMCs, as opposed to activated carbons, reduces the contribution of pseudo-capacitance effects and limits the gravimetric capacitance to 200–220 F g−1 for aqueous electrolytes. In the case of non-aqueous electrolyte, it rarely exceeds 100 F g−1.

    It is also shown that the average mesopore diameter of these TMCs does not improve significantly the ionic mobility compared with typical activated carbons of pore-widths above 1.0–1.3 nm.

    This study suggests that activated carbons remain the more promising candidates for supercapacitors with high performances.