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  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Highly selective low-temperature hydrogenation of furfuryl alcohol to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol catalysed by hectorite-supported ruthenium nanoparticles
    (2011)
    Khan, Farooq-Ahmad
    ;
    Vallat, Armelle
    ;
    Metallic ruthenium nanoparticles intercalated in hectorite (particle size ~ 4 nm) were found to catalyse the hydrogenation of furfuryl acohol to give tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol in methanolic solution under mild conditions. The best results were obtained at 40 °C under a hydrogen pressure of 20 bar (conversion 100%, selectivity > 99%). After a total turnover number of 1423, the hectorite supported ruthenium nanoparticles are deactivated but can be recycled and regenerated.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Highly selective C = C bond hydrogenation in α,β-unsaturated ketones catalyzed by hectorite-supported ruthenium nanoparticles
    (2010)
    Khan, Farooq-Ahmad
    ;
    Vallat, Armelle
    ;
    Metallic ruthenium nanoparticles intercalated in hectorite (particle size ∼7 nm) were found to catalyze the specific hydrogenation (conversion 100%, selectivity > 99.9%) of the carbon–carbon double bond in α,β-unsaturated ketones such as 3-buten-2-one, 3-penten-2-one, 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one. The catalytic turnovers range from 765 to 91,800, the reaction conditions being very mild (temperature 35 °C and constant hydrogen pressure 1–10 bar). After a catalytic run, the catalyst can be recycled and reused without loss of activity and selectivity.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Shape- and Size-Selective Preparation of Hectorite-Supported Ruthenium Nanoparticles for the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Benzene
    (2009) ;
    Khan, Farooq-Ahmad
    ;
    Boudon, Julien
    ;
    Spassov, Vladislav
    The cationic organometallic aqua complexes formed by hydrolysis of [(C6H6)2RuCl2]2 in water, mainly [(C6H6)Ru(H2O)3]2+, intercalate into white sodium hectorite, replacing the sodium cations between the anionic silicate layers. The yellow hectorite thus obtained reacts in water with molecular hydrogen (50 bar, 100 °C) to give a dark suspension containing a black hectorite in which large hexagonally shaped ruthenium nanoparticles (20–50 nm) are intercalated between the anionic silicate layers, the charges of which being balanced by hydronium cations. If the reduction with molecular hydrogen (50 bar, 100 °C) is carried out in various alcohols, spherical ruthenium nanoparticles of smaller size (3–38 nm depending on the alcohol) are obtained. In alcohols other than methanol, the reduction also works without H2 under reflux conditions, the alcohol itself being the reducing agent; the ruthenium nanoparticles obtained in this case are spherical and small (2–9 nm) but tend to aggregate to form clusters of nanoparticles. Whereas the ruthenium nanoparticles prepared by reduction of the yellow hectorite in refluxing alcohols without hydrogen pressure are almost inactive, the nanoparticles formed by hydrogen reduction catalyze the hydrogenation of benzene to give cyclohexane under mild conditions (50 °C) with turnover frequencies up to 6500 catalytic cycles per hour, the best solvent being ethanol.