(1S,3S,7R)-3-methyl-α-himachalene from the male sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) induces neurophysiological responses and attracts both males and females

<i>Lutzomyia longipalpis</i> adult males form leks on or near hosts and release (1<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>,7<i>R</i>)-3-methyl-α-himachalene from their tergal glands to lure females to the same site for mating and feeding. Here we have examined whether the male-produced attractant could also serve as a male aggregation stimulus. High resolution chiral capillary gas chromatography analysis of male tergal gland extracts, synthetic (1<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>,7<i>R</i>)-3-methyl-α-himachalene, and a synthetic mixture of all isomers of 3-methyl-α-himachalene, was coupled to electrophysiological recordings from ascoid sensillum receptor cells in antennae of male and female sandflies. Receptor cells of both sexes responded only to the main component of the male tergal gland extract that eluted at the same retention time as (1<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>,7<i>R</i>)-3-methyl-α-himachalene. Furthermore, of the eight 3-methyl-α-himachalene isomers in the synthetic mixture only the fraction containing (1<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>,7<i>R</i>)-3-methyl-α-himachalene, co-eluting with an isomer of (1<i>S</i>*,3<i>S</i>*,7<i>S</i>*)-3-methyl-α-himachalene, elicited an electrophysiological response from male and female ascoid sensillum receptor cells. Both males and females flew upwind in a wind tunnel towards a filter paper disk treated with either 4–6 male equivalents of the tergal gland extract, pure (1<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>,7<i>R</i>)-3-methyl-α-himachalene or the synthetic mixture of eight isomers. This indicates that (1<i>S</i>,3<i>S</i>,7<i>R</i>)-3-methyl-α-himachalene derived from <i>L. longipalpis</i> males may have a dual function in causing male aggregation as well as serving as a sex pheromone for females.