Parasitoid recruitment to the globally invasive chestnut gall wasp <i>Dryocosmus kuriphilus</i>

The chestnut gall wasp <i>Dryocosmus kuriphilus</i> is a global pest of chestnut (<i>Castanea</i>). Established as a pest in the mid 20th century in Japan, Korea and the USA, this species has now reached Europe. Successful deployment of a biocontrol agent, <i>Torymus sinensis</i>, in Japan has led to its early release in Italy. Here we provide the first overview of the natural enemies associated with <i>D. kuriphilus</i> in its native and invaded ranges, and discuss general patterns in community development. We then use what is known about European oak gall wasp communities to predict possible future developments for <i>D. kuriphilus</i>, and possible interactions between parasitoid communities attacking hosts on chestnut and oaks.