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Turlings, Ted
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Turlings, Ted
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Professeur ordinaire
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ted.turlings@unine.ch
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Voici les éléments 1 - 10 sur 17
- PublicationAccès libreComparative Screening of Mexican, Rwandan and Commercial Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Be Used against Invasive Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda(2022-2-16)
; ; ; - PublicationAccès libreTritrophic interactions : possible host-plants effects on the resistance of "Diabrotica" pests to natural enemies(2021)
; La sous-tribu Diabroticina de chrysomèles comprend de nombreux ravageurs importants des cultures agricoles et horticoles dans les Amériques, tels que le maïs et le concombre. L'une des espèces les plus dévastatrices, la chrysomèle des racines de maïs Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (WCR), est également un ravageur envahissant en Europe. Pour ce ravageur et les espèces de Diabrotica apparentées, le développement d'une lutte biologique efficace est nécessaire de toute urgence, et pour cela, des connaissances supplémentaires sur les interactions tri-trophiques entre Diabrotica, leurs plantes hôtes et leurs ennemis naturels sont nécessaires. Dans cette thèse, j’ai exploré les adaptations des ravageurs Diabrotica à leurs plantes hôtes avec leurs composés défensifs, et évalué l’éventuelle protection que les larves de Diabrotica obtiennent après l'ingestion de ces métabolites secondaires des plantes. Au cours d'échantillonnages sur le terrain au Mexique, j’ai observé que le parasitisme des coléoptères Diabroticina adultes par des parasitoïdes est minime (Chapitre I), mais j’ai constaté que les larves peuvent être infectées avec succès par des nématodes entomopathogènes (EPN) adaptés (Chapitre II). Des isolats d'EPN hautement infectieux collectés dans des champs de maïs mexicains pourraient être des candidats prometteurs pour contrôler WCR en Europe. Ces isolats et/ou leurs bactéries endosymbiotiques pourraient être adaptés à l'arsenal de défense déployé par les larves de WCR, qui comprend la séquestration des benzoxazinoïdes du maïs, mais des stratégies inconnues supplémentaires semblent également être impliquées. Les larves du généraliste Diabrotica balteata ne séquestrent pas des benzoxazinoïdes après s'être nourries des plantes de maïs et semblent moins capables de résister aux infections à EPN que les WCR. Cependant, elles sont capables de séquestrer des cucurbitacines après avoir mangé des plantes de concombre (Chapitre III). J'ai fourni des preuves solides que les larves de D. balteata peuvent transformer et séquestrer les cucurbitacines des plants de concombre. Cependant, je n'ai trouvé aucune preuve que les cucurbitacines séquestrées puissent protéger les larves de l'infection par des EPN, ni de l'attaque par des insectes prédateurs, des champignons entomopathogènes ou des bactéries. La performance des larves n'a pas non plus été affectée positivement par la teneur en cucurbitacines des tissus végétaux qu'elles ont consommées, d'où la signification adaptative de la séquestration de cucurbitacines reste à élucider. Curieusement, j’ai observé que les larves de D. balteata se nourrissent activement de tissus au-dessus de la surface, tels que tiges, cotylédons et feuilles, ce qui m’a incité à étudier si ce comportement procure des avantages et si d'autres espèces de Diabrotica ont un comportement similaire (Chapitre IV). Les larves de D. balteata, D. undecimpunctata et D. virgifera, normalement décrites comme larves de racines, se sont toutes avérées capables de se nourrir de feuilles ainsi que de racines de différentes plantes agricoles contenant des métabolites secondaires distincts. Pourtant, leurs performances et leur sensibilité à l'infection par des EPN n’ont pas été affectées différemment par le tissu que les larves avaient consommées. Ensemble, ces résultats contribuent à une meilleure compréhension de l'impact des métabolites secondaires des plante hôte ingérés par des insectes herbivores sur le troisième niveau trophique. Le succès des espèces de Diabrotica en tant que ravageurs des cultures semble être lié à leurs caractéristiques uniques pour survivre dans un environnement imprévisible en se nourrissant de différentes plantes et tissus, faisant face avec succès à une grande variété de composés de défense des plantes, qui dans certains cas peuvent fournir une protection contre les ennemis naturels. J’émet l'hypothèse que les larves de Diabrotica se nourrissant de maïs sont capables de détoxifier les benzoxazinoïdes, et discute de l'origine et de l'importance adaptative de la séquestration de cucurbitacines par les espèces de Diabrotica, qui ne semblerait pas liée à la défense contre les ennemis naturels. Enfin, les isolats d'EPN obtenus, ainsi que les nouvelles connaissances sur le comportement alimentaire des larves de Diabrotica rapportées dans cette thèse, contribueront, espérons-le, au développement de stratégies de biocontrôle nouvelles et efficaces contre les ravageurs du genre Diabrotica. ABSTRACT The subtribe Diabroticina of chrysomelid beetles includes many important pests of extensive and horticultural crops in the Americas, such as maize and cucumber. One of the most devastating species, the western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (WCR), is also an invasive pest in Europe. For this and related Diabrotica pests, the development of efficient biological control is urgently needed, and for this further knowledge on tritrophic interactions of Diabrotica, their host plants and their natural enemies is required. In this thesis, I explored the adaptations of Diabrotica pests to their host plants and the plants’ defensive compounds, and evaluated the possible protection that Diabrotica larvae derive from ingesting these plant secondary metabolites. During field surveys in Mexico, I observed that parasitism of adult Diabroticina beetles by parasitoids is minimal (Chapter I), but found that the larvae can be successfully infected by adapted entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) (Chapter II). Highly-infective EPN isolates collected in Mexican maize fields could be promising candidates to control the maizespecialist WCR in Europe. These isolates and/or their endosymbiotic bacteria may have adapted to the defense arsenal deployed by WCR larvae, which includes the sequestration of maize benzoxazinoids, but additional unknown strategies seem to be also involved. Larvae of the generalist Diabrotica balteata do not sequester benzoxazinoids after feeding on maize and seem to be less able to resist EPN infections than WCR. However, they are able to sequester cucurbitacins after feeding on cucumber plants (Chapter III). I provided strong evidence that D. balteata larvae can transformation and sequester cucurbitacins from cucumber plants. However, I found no evidence that the sequestered cucurbitacins can protect the larvae from infection by EPN, nor from the attack by insect predators, entomopathogenic fungi or bacteria. Larval performance was also not positively affected by cucurbitacin contents in plant tissues that they consumed, hence the adaptive significance of cucurbitacin sequestration remains to be unraveled. Surprisingly, the D. balteata larvae were observed to actively forage on aboveground tissues, which prompted us to study whether this behavior provides any benefits and if other Diabrotica species do the same (Chapter IV). Larvae of D. balteata, D. undecimpunctata and D. virgifera were all found to be able to feed on leaves as well as roots from different agricultural plants that contain distinct secondary metabolites. Yet, their performance and the susceptibility against EPN infection were not differentially impacted by the tissue that the larvae had fed on. Taken together, these results contribute to a better understanding of the impact of host plant secondary metabolites ingested by insect herbivores on the third trophic level. The success of Diabrotica species as crop pests seems to be related to their unique traits to survive in an unpredictable environment by feeding on different plants and tissues, successfully coping with a wide variety of plant defense chemicals, which in some cases may provide protection against natural enemies. I hypothesize that maize- feeding Diabrotica larvae may be able to detoxify benzoxazinoids, and discuss the origin and adaptive significance of cucurbitacin sequestration by Diabrotica species, which appears not to be related to defense against natural enemies. Finally, the isolates of EPN obtained, as well as the new insights on the aboveground feeding behavior by Diabrotica larvae reported in this thesis, will hopefully contribute to the development of novel and effective biocontrol strategies against Diabrotica pests. - PublicationMétadonnées seulementVolatiles produced by soil-borne endophytic bacteria increase plant pathogen resistance and affect tritrophic interactions(2014)
; ; Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by soil microorganisms influence plant growth and pathogen resistance. Yet, very little is known about their influence on herbivores and higher trophic levels. We studied the origin and role of a major bacterial VOC, 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD), on plant growth, pathogen and herbivore resistance, and the attraction of natural enemies in maize. One of the major contributors to 2,3-BD in the headspace of soil-grown maize seedlings was identified as Enterobacter aerogenes, an endophytic bacterium that colonizes the plants. The production of 2,3-BD by E.?aerogenes rendered maize plants more resistant against the Northern corn leaf blight fungus Setosphaeria turcica. On the contrary, E.?aerogenes-inoculated plants were less resistant against the caterpillar Spodoptera littoralis. The effect of 2,3-BD on the attraction of the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris was more variable: 2,3-BD application to the headspace of the plants had no effect on the parasitoids, but application to the soil increased parasitoid attraction. Furthermore, inoculation of seeds with E.?aerogenes decreased plant attractiveness, whereas inoculation of soil with a total extract of soil microbes increased parasitoid attraction, suggesting that the effect of 2,3-BD on the parasitoid is indirect and depends on the composition of the microbial community. - PublicationAccès libreThe role of indole in maize-herbivore interactions(2014)
; Afin de se protéger contre les attaques d’insectes herbivores, les plantes ont développé de multiples moyens de défense, dont la libération de composés volatils induits par les herbivores (HIPVs). Ces composés volatils peuvent être utilisés par les ennemis naturels des herbivores tels que les prédateurs et les parasitoïdes. D’autre part, ils peuvent être exploités par les herbivores eux-mêmes pour localiser leurs plantes hôtes. Certains HIPVs peuvent aussi avertir les tissus non attaqués d’une même plante ou les plantes voisines d’un risque d’attaque. Le terme employé est “priming”. Les plantes averties pourront ainsi répondre plus rapidement et de manière plus efficace lorsque l’attaque se produira. Tandis que certains HIPVs ont été bien étudiés, le rôle de beaucoup d’autre reste à trouver. Par exemple, nous n’avons que peu de connaissances en ce qui concerne l’indole, un composé dominant du mélange de volatils émis par les plantes. Dans la thèse présentée ici, nous avons étudié le rôle de l’indole dans les défenses directes et indirectes du maïs grâce à l’utilisation de plantes mutantes dans la production d’indole et d’indole synthétique.
Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons étudié le rôle de l’indole en tant que signal de défense. Nous fournissons la preuve que l’indole est essentiel pour le “priming” d’autres HIPVs au sein d’une même plante mais qu’il agit aussi comme signal de communication entre différentes plantes afin de les préparer à une possible attaque. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous avons étudié l’effet de l’indole sur un insecte herbivore généraliste, Spodoptera littoralis. Nous démontrons que l’indole agit en tant de défense directe chez le maïs en repoussant les adultes et les chenilles de cette espèce et en réduisant la survie des chenille et le succès reproducteur des adultes. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous avons étudié l’importance de l’indole au niveau du troisième niveau trophique. Nous avons trouvé que malgré une attraction de certains parasitoïdes, une exposition à l’indole protège les chenilles de l’espèce S. littoralis en augmentant leur résistance contre les parasitoïdes. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous avons étudié la spécificité des effets trouvés dans les deux chapitres précédents. Nous avons trouvé que ni le degré de spécialisation pour les plantes hôtes, ni l’origine phylogénétique, ni l’association avec des plantes produisantde l’indole ne déterminent la réponse des insectes herbivores et des ennemis naturels à l’indole. Nous concluons que le rôle de l’indole est dépendant des espèces.
D’une manière générale, cette thèse contribue à une meilleure compréhension du rôle de l’indole dans les intéractions entre les plantes, les insectes herbivores et les ennemis naturels; elle confirme le rôle multiple des composés volatils dans les intéractions tri-trophiques., In order to counter herbivore attacks, plants have developed a multitude of defence strategies, including the release herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). HIPVs can be used as foraging cues by natural enemies of the herbivores, including predators and parasitoids. In addition, they can also be exploited by herbivores themselves to localize their host plants. Some HIPVs even prime non-attacked plant tissues or neighbouring plants to respond faster and more strongly to subsequent attacks. Whereas some HIPVs have been well studied, the role of many others remains unclear. For instance, little is known about indole, a major constituent of the herbivore-induced volatile blend. In the present thesis, we studied the role of indole in direct and indirect defences in maize using indole deficient mutants and synthetic indole.
In Chapter 1 we investigated the role of indole as a plant defence signal. We provide evidence that indole is essential for within-plant priming of other HIPVs and acts as a between-plant signal that primes non-attacked neighbours. In Chapter 2, we investigated the impact of indole on the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. We demonstrate that volatile indole acts as a direct defence in maize by repelling S. littoralis moths and caterpillars and by reducing the survival of early instar caterpillars and the reproductive output of adults. In Chapter 3, we studied the importance of indole on the third trophic level. We found that, although indole attracts certain parasitoids, indole-exposure protects S. littoralis caterpillars by increasing their resistance against parasitism. In Chapter 4, we investigated the specificity of the effects found in chapters 2 and 3. We found that neither the degree of host plant specialization nor the phylogenetic origin or the association with indole-producing plants determines the response of herbivores and natural enemies to the volatile, and that the role of indole is highly species-specific.
Overall, this thesis contributes to a better understanding of the role of indole in interactions between plants, herbivore insects and natural enemies and highlights the diverse roles of HIPVs in tritrophic interactions. - PublicationMétadonnées seulementVolatiles produced by soil-borne endophytic bacteria increase plant pathogen resistance and affect tritrophic interactions(2013)
; ; Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by soil microorganisms influence plant growth and pathogen resistance. Yet, very little is known about their influence on herbivores and higher trophic levels. We studied the origin and role of a major bacterial VOC, 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD), on plant growth, pathogen and herbivore resistance, and the attraction of natural enemies in maize. One of the major contributors to 2,3-BD in the headspace of soil-grown maize seedlings was identified as Enterobacter aerogenes, an endophytic bacterium that colonizes the plants. The production of 2,3-BD by E.?aerogenes rendered maize plants more resistant against the Northern corn leaf blight fungus Setosphaeria turcica. On the contrary, E.?aerogenes-inoculated plants were less resistant against the caterpillar Spodoptera littoralis. The effect of 2,3-BD on the attraction of the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris was more variable: 2,3-BD application to the headspace of the plants had no effect on the parasitoids, but application to the soil increased parasitoid attraction. Furthermore, inoculation of seeds with E.?aerogenes decreased plant attractiveness, whereas inoculation of soil with a total extract of soil microbes increased parasitoid attraction, suggesting that the effect of 2,3-BD on the parasitoid is indirect and depends on the composition of the microbial community. - PublicationMétadonnées seulementThe importance of root-produced volatiles as foraging cues for entomopathogenic nematodes (Marschner Review for the "Rhizosphere 3" Special Issue)(2012-1-19)
; ; Background Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are tiny parasitic worms that parasitize insects, in which they reproduce. Their foraging behavior has been subject to numerous studies, most of which have proposed that, at short distances, EPNs use chemicals that are emitted directly from the host as host location cues. Carbon dioxide (CO2) in particular has been implicated as an important cue. Recent evidence shows that at longer distances several EPNs take advantage of volatiles that are specifically emitted by roots in response to insect attack. Studies that have revealed these plant-mediated interactions among three trophic levels have been met with some disbelief. Scope This review aims to take away this skepticism by summarizing the evidence for a role of root volatiles as foraging cues for EPNs. To reinforce our argument, we conducted olfactometer assays in which we directly compared the attraction of an EPN species to CO2 and two typical inducible root volatiles. Conclusions The combination of the ubiquitous gas and a more specific root volatile was found to be considerably more attractive than one of the two alone. Hence, future studies on EPN foraging behavior should take into account that CO2 and plant volatiles may work in synergy as attractants for EPNs. Recent research efforts also reveal prospects of exploiting plant-produced signals to improve the biological control of insect pests in the rhizosphere. - PublicationMétadonnées seulementHerbivore-induced plant volatiles mediate host selection by a root herbivore(2012)
; ; - PublicationMétadonnées seulementA specialist root herbivore exploits defensive metabolites to locate nutritious tissues(2012)
; ; ; ; The most valuable organs of plants are often particularly rich in essential elements, but also very well defended. This creates a dilemma for herbivores that need to maximise energy intake while minimising intoxication. We investigated how the specialist root herbivore Diabrotica virgifera solves this conundrum when feeding on wild and cultivated maize plants. We found that crown roots of maize seedlings were vital for plant development and, in accordance, were rich in nutritious primary metabolites and contained higher amounts of the insecticidal 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) and the phenolic compound chlorogenic acid. The generalist herbivores Diabrotica balteata and Spodoptera littoralis were deterred from feeding on crown roots, whereas the specialist D. virgifera preferred and grew best on these tissues. Using a 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one-deficient maize mutant, we found that D. virgifera is resistant to DIMBOA and other 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and that it even hijacks these compounds to optimally forage for nutritious roots. - PublicationMétadonnées seulementA specialist root herbivore reduces plant resistance and uses an induced plant volatile to aggregate in a density-dependent manner(2012)
; ; 1. Leaf-herbivore attack often triggers induced resistance in plants. However, certain specialist herbivores can also take advantage of the induced metabolic changes. In some cases, they even manipulate plant resistance, leading to a phenomenon called induced susceptibility. Compared to above-ground plant-insect interactions, little is known about the prevalence and consequences of induced responses below-ground. 2. A recent study suggested that feeding by the specialist root herbivore Diabrotica virgifera virgifera makes maize roots more susceptible to conspecifics. To better understand this phenomenon, we conducted a series of experiments to study the behavioural responses and elucidate the underlying biochemical mechanisms. 3. We found that D. virgifera benefitted from feeding on a root system in groups of intermediate size (39 larvae/plant in the laboratory), whereas its performance was reduced in large groups (12 larvae/plant). Interestingly, the herbivore was able to select host plants with a suitable density of conspecifics by using the induced plant volatile (E)-beta-caryophyllene in a dose-dependent manner. Using a split root experiment, we show that the plant-induced susceptibility is systemic and, therefore, plant mediated. Chemical analyses on plant resource reallocation and defences upon herbivory showed that the systemic induced-susceptibility is likely to stem from a combination of (i) increased free amino acid concentrations and (ii) relaxation of defence inducibility. 4. These findings show that herbivores can use induced plant volatiles in a density-dependent manner to aggregate on a host plant and change its metabolism to their own benefit. Our study furthermore helps to explain the remarkable ecological success of D. virgifera in maize fields around the world. - PublicationMétadonnées seulementInduction of root-resistance by leaf-herbivory follows a vertical gradient(2011)
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