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  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Multimodal practice for mobilizing response: The case of turn-final tu vois ‘you see’ in French talk-in-interaction
    One of the most frequent verbal expressions that people use when interacting with each other in French is tu vois ‘you see’ (Cappeau 2004). Drawing on interactional linguistics and multimodal analysis, we examine the interactional functioning of this verbal expression when occurring in turn-final position. Previous studies on tu vois ‘you see’ in this position document only its use for marking the end of an utterance or for turn-yielding. The following aspects have thus far remained unexplored: The interactional environment in which the construction occurs, how it is connected to the speaker’s embodied conduct, the way in which it contributes to mobilizing a response from the recipient, as well as the nature of this response. Our paper addresses these issues and shows that turn-final tu vois ‘you see’ is systematically produced with a final rising intonation and coupled with the speaker’s gaze directed to the recipient. This multimodal practice is recurrently deployed in turns conveying the speaker’s emotional stance, in turns performing a dispreferred action, like disagreeing, and in turns claiming insufficient knowledge. The response that is invited using this multimodal practice is distinctly tailored to each of these actions: an affiliative response, an aligning response, and a response addressing the prior speaker’s claim of insufficient knowledge from the recipient’s own point of view. By presenting an in-depth study of the action sequences in which tu vois ‘you see’ is employed, as well as of its multimodal packaging, this contribution highlights the prospective, i.e. response-mobilizing potential of this interactional resource and shows that its use entails sequential implications even when it accompanies actions that project only weakly a response from the recipient.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Multimodal assemblies for prefacing a dispreferred response: A cross-linguistic analysis
    (2021-9-27) ;
    Polak-Yitzhaki, Hilla
    ;
    Li, Xiaoting
    ;
    ;
    Havlík, Martin
    ;
    Keevallik, Leelo
    In this paper we examine how participants’ multimodal conduct maps onto one of the basic organizational principles of social interaction: preference organization – and how it does so in a similar manner across five different languages (Czech, French, Hebrew, Mandarin, and Romanian). Based on interactional data from these languages, we identify a recurrent multimodal practice that respondents deploy in turn-initial position in dispreferred responses to various first actions, such as information requests, assessments, proposals, and informing. The practice involves the verbal delivery of a turn-initial expression corresponding to English ‘I don’t know’ and its variants (‘dunno’) coupled with gaze aversion from the prior speaker. We show that through this ‘multimodal assembly’ respondents preface a dispreferred response within various sequence types, and we demonstrate the cross-linguistic robustness of this practice: Through the focal multimodal assembly, respondents retrospectively mark the prior action as problematic and prospectively alert co-participants to incipient resistance to the constraints set out or to the stance conveyed by that action. By evidencing how grammar and body interface in related ways across a diverse set of languages, the findings open a window onto cross-linguistic, cross-modal, and cross-cultural consistencies in human interactional conduct.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Fonctionnement macro-syntaxique et dimension anaphorique des relatives produites post hoc : une analyse interactionnelle et multimodale
    Cet article examine l’usage des relatives incrémentées, produites post hoc, après des tours de parole potentiellement complets. L’analyse multimodale identifie les motivations fonctionnelles de ces relatives et décrit les aspects énonciatifs et pragmatiques soulignant leur fonctionnement macro-syntaxique. Ceci entraîne une réinterprétation de leur dimension anaphorique et du statut syntaxique de leur pronom introducteur, envisagé comme un connecteur macro-syntaxique lié à l’organisation des tours de parole et des actions qui les composent.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Le rôle des relatives dans l’organisation séquentielle de l’interaction : une approche temporelle, interactionnelle et praxéologique
    Résumé Ce travail examine l’emploi des relatives, telles que celle qui est illustrée à la ligne 01 de l’extrait suivant, dans les conversations en français : "Les bouteilles qui se vissent" [Corpus Pauscaf (Pause 7) – (10m03-10m13)] 01 CED: c’est vrai que les bouteilles qui se vissent, 02 comment s’appellent les le:s c’est pas des capsules, 03 si? 04 CAM: ouais, 05 CED: bref .hhh eu::h c’est- ça fait pas très classe, 06 ((le tour continue)) Les relatives représentent un objet classique d’investigation linguistique. Elles ont été amplement étudiées dans des travaux d’orientation typologique, qui ont examiné l’usage de ces constructions grammaticales dans des données écrites, parfois décontextualisées ou même forgées par les linguistes. Ces études ont proposé différentes classifications des relatives, suivant leurs formes et les fonctions sémantiques qui leur ont été attribuées dans les données examinées. Les relatives ont également fait l’objet d’étude des travaux qui ont identifié l’existence d’une variation morphosyntaxique au sein de ces constructions, manifestée par un écart entre les structures des relatives, telles que décrites dans les grammaires normatives, et les formes que revêt leur utilisation dans les énoncés attestés à l’oral et à l’écrit. À ces recherches s’ajoutent des travaux qui ont remis en question le caractère subordonné de certaines relatives. Enfin, il existe aussi de rares études qui ont examiné les relatives dans des conversations, pour la plupart, en d’autres langues que le français, et qui ont montré, par exemple, que les locuteurs utilisent ces constructions pour faire des évaluations. Un bilan critique de ces études antérieures sur les relatives fait ressortir en principal deux aspects : a) il ne semble pas y avoir d’études systématiques sur les relatives qui proposent une analyse multimodale (c’est-à-dire une analyse qui combine le langage avec les conduites mimo-gestuelles des locuteurs) de l’usage de ces constructions grammaticales ; b) dans l’espace francophone, le rôle des relatives dans l’accomplissement des actions conversationnelles (telles que faire des évaluations) est resté largement inexploré. Il s’agit ici de pistes de recherche que le présent travail se propose d’examiner, en adoptant le cadre théorique et méthodologique de la linguistique interactionnelle et en analysant l’usage des relatives dans une base de données composée d’environ 20h d’enregistrements audio et vidéo de conversations en français. Cette recherche montre que les relatives sont utilisées par les locuteurs pour accomplir les actions conversationnelles suivantes : réparer un problème d’identification référentielle, poursuivre la réaction d’autrui par des élaborations référentielles, hétéro-initier la réparation d’un problème d’identification référentielle, prendre position par rapport aux assertions d’autrui concernant des référents et ajouter un élément supplémentaire à une énumération de caractéristiques référentielles. Cette étude montre aussi que la production de ces actions conversationnelles dépend de la position séquentielle que celles-ci occupent dans le déroulement interactionnel de la conversation et, en même temps, s’articule par rapport aux conduites mimo-gestuelles manifestées par les participants de l’interaction. Par l’examen des conduites non verbales des locuteurs, le présent travail identifie également des caractéristiques formelles dans la production des relatives qui reflètent la dimension interactionnelle et spontanée de leur usage conversationnel. De plus, par l’investigation de l’emploi interactionnel des relatives, cette recherche avance des arguments en faveur de l’autonomie syntaxique de certaines de ces constructions grammaticales. Enfin, cette étude présente également une série d’indices d’ordre séquentiel, interactionnel et prosodique qui sont examinés en lien avec le caractère restrictif/non restrictif de l’usage des relatives. Cette recherche vise ainsi à contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la structure relative, telle qu’elle ressort des pratiques interactionnelles des locuteurs. Cette étude vise également à montrer que l’examen de l’usage-en-interaction des relatives ne peut pas être dissocié de l’étude des conduites non verbales des locuteurs qui sont présentes dans l’environnement naturel d’emploi de ces structures et qui sont susceptibles d’influencer l’utilisation de celles-ci. Enfin, ce travail argumente en faveur de l’adaptabilité du langage aux besoins interactionnels des locuteurs et à l’imprévisibilité de l’interaction sociale, témoignant par-là du caractère flexible et malléable des constructions grammaticales. Abstract The present work investigates the use of relative clauses, such as the one that is illustrated at line 01 of the following excerpt, in French talk-in-interaction: "Les bouteilles qui se vissent" [Corpus Pauscaf (Pause 7) – (10m03-10m13)] 01 CED: c’est vrai que les bouteilles qui se vissent, 02 comment s’appellent les le:s c’est pas des capsules, 03 si? 04 CAM: ouais, 05 CED: bref .hhh eu::h c’est- ça fait pas très classe, 06 ((le tour continue)) Relative clauses represent a classical object of linguistic inquiry. They have been extendedly examined in typological studies, which have focused on the use of these grammatical constructions in written, sometimes decontextualized or even forged data. These studies have proposed different classifications of relative clauses, according to their forms and to the semantic functions that have been attributed to these constructions in the respective data. Relative clauses have been also studied in works that have identified the existence of a morpho-syntactic variation within these grammatical constructions, manifest as a gap between the structures of relative clauses, as described in normative grammars, and the forms that are reflected by their actual use in oral and written attested data. In addition to this research, there have been works that have called into question the subordinate status of certain relative clauses. Finally, there are also few studies that have focused on relative clauses in conversations, most in languages other than French, and that have shown, for example, that speakers use these constructions for doing assessments. A critical discussion of these previous studies on relative clauses highlights mainly two things: a) systematic studies on relative clauses that propose a multimodal analysis (that is to say an analysis that combines language with the embodied conduct of speakers) of the use of these grammatical constructions do not seem to exist; b) in the French literature, the role of relative clauses in the accomplishment of conversational actions (such as doing assessments) has remained, to a great extent, unexplored. These are some lines of research that the present study aims to explore, by adopting the theoretical and methodological framework of interactional linguistics and by examining the use of relative clauses in a database composed of about 20 hours of audio and video recorded French talk-in-interaction. This research shows that relative clauses are used by speakers for accomplishing the following conversational actions: repairing a problem of referential identification, pursuing recipient uptake by elaborating on a referent, initiating other-repair of a problem of referential identification, taking a stand on somebody else’s statements concerning referents and adding a supplementary item to an enumeration of referential characteristics. This work also shows that the production of these conversational actions depends on the sequential position in which these actions occur within the interactional deployment of the conversation and, at the same time, is influenced by the embodied conduct displayed by the participants in interaction. By examining the participants’ nonverbal conduct, the present study identifies as well some formal features in the production of relative clauses that reflect the interactional and the spontaneous dimension of their conversational use. Moreover, based on the investigation of the interactional usage of relative clauses, this research argues in favour of the syntactic autonomy of some of these grammatical constructions. Finally, this work also presents a series of sequential, interactional and prosodic cues that are examined in relation to the restrictive/non-restrictive use of relative clauses. The present work aims thus to contribute to a better understanding of the relative clause, such as brought out by the interactional practices of the participants in conversations. It also aims to show that the investigation of the use-in-interaction of relative clauses may not be separated from the study of the participants’ embodied conduct that are present in the natural environment of use of these structures and that are likely to influence their occurrence. Finally, this study argues in favour of the adaptability of language to speakers’ interactional needs and to the contingencies of social interaction, giving further evidence of the flexible and malleable character of grammatical constructions.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Grammaire-en-interaction: le potentiel praxéologique des relatives dans les conversations en français
    This paper offers an interactional linguistic account of the use of relative clauses (RCs) in French talkin- interaction. Drawing on 9 hrs of audio and video recorded conversations, this work investigates the use of RCs in two distinct syntactic patterns: a) [RC], where the RC forms a turn on its own and is produced by another speaker than that of the host turn; b) [noun phrase + RC] that is produced as a standalone segment, without being syntactically linked to any host turn or clause. Detailed sequential analyses show that participants use these two turn patterns in order to accomplish different actions: a) to take a stand on what has been previously said by another speaker; b) to accomplish membership categorization so as to emphasize the incongruity between their normative status and their actual behavior in the given circumstances. This paper stands thus as a contribution to recent discussions on the temporal and praxeological dimension of grammar in naturally occurring talk-interaction (see Thompson, Fox & Couper-Kuhlen 2015; Pekarek Doehler, De Stefani & Horlacher 2015 inter alia).
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Répétition et différenciation dans les reprises structurelles intégrant des relatives
    Drawing on a corpus of 5 hours of audio-recorded French talk-in-interaction, this paper addresses the issue of the role of structural repetitions integrating relative clauses in the organization of the interaction. Previous works on repetition have mainly focused on the study of specific sequential placements where different forms of repetition occurred. This paper provides a different insight into the study of repetition, by concentrating on a specific grammatical structure, the relative clause, throughout its sequentially and temporally deployed repetitions. Using the framework of interactional linguistics, this study shows that the structural repetitions integrating relative clauses bring about assimilation of one’s speech but also and foremost a difference that unfolds temporally, once with the deployment of turns at talk and that is constructed sequentially, being influenced by the ecology of its interactional environment. This paper presents thus an empirically grounded argument about the interlocutors’ use of relative clauses as resources for all practical purposes.