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  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Exploration and characterization of "Amoebozoa" diversity and investigation of their diversity patterns at regional and global scales
    La diversité mondiale des eucaryotes est dominée par des organismes (principalement) unicellulaires appelés protistes. Parmi eux, les Amoebozoa sont l'un des groupes les plus abondants, diversifiés et caractéristiques du sol, jouant ainsi des rôles importants dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Cependant, leur étude a été entravée par la difficulté de les détecter et le manque de traits morphologiques stables dans la plupart des groupes. Toutefois, certains amibozoaires comme les Hyalospheniformes (Arcellinida) produisent une thèque (c.-à-d. une coquille) caractéristique qui facilite leur identification, et sont donc considérées comme un groupe modèle approprié pour étudier les schémas de répartition de la diversité. Le développement récent du barcoding moléculaire a considérablement aidé pour l’identification taxonomique, tandis que le métabarcoding a permis de révéler la composition des communautés microbiennes sans biais d'observation et de culture. Ces méthodes se sont révélées efficaces pour plusieurs groupes microbiens, mais seulement quelques études ont été conçues pour les Amoebozoa et les protocoles disponibles sont encore assez rares. Les objectifs de ma thèse étaient alors 1) améliorer et développer des méthodes moléculaires pour étudier la diversité et l'écologie des amibozoaires, 2) estimer la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle présente dans le sol, 3) améliorer la taxonomie et phylogénie de cette diversité afin d'établir une base solide pour de futures recherches et 4) caractériser les facteurs écologiques susceptibles d'influencer la diversité microbienne à l'échelle locale, continentale et mondiale. Nous avons d'abord identifié un nouveau marqueur moléculaire pour étudier plusieurs groupes d’arcellinides, qui s'est révélé efficace pour discriminer des taxons proches et étudier simultanément les relations phylogénétiques profondes entre des taxons éloignés (chapitre 2). De plus, nous avons également adapté un protocole de métabarcoding pour étudier le genre Nebela avec des amorces COI spécifiques et une résolution taxonomique fine (chapitre 6). Ensuite, nous avons isolé, cultivé et décrit le premier membre d'un clade environnemental d’amibozoaires évolutivement très divergent (chapitre 3). Cette amibe, l'une des plus petites espèces d'amibes décrites, présente un cycle de vie unique avec une alternance de trophozoïtes actifs phagotrophes et de ramifications osmotrophes ressemblant aux champignons. Sa présence a été fréquemment reportée dans de nombreuses études de métabarcoding du sol, mais cet organisme n'avait jamais été caractérisé auparavant. En revanche, les Hyalospheniformes sont connus depuis les travaux d’Ehrenberg au XIXe siècle. Cependant, leur diversité au niveau de l’espèce reste mal caractérisée. Dans le chapitre 4, nous avons montré que l'espèce emblématique d’amibe à thèque, Nebela militaris, n'appartenait pas au genre Nebela, mais constituait une entité distincte dans l'arbre des Hyalospheniformes. Par conséquent, nous avons érigé le nouveau genre Alabasta pour cette espèce (chapitre 4). De plus, nous avons montré que la diversité des Hyalospheniformes avait été largement sous-estimée. En effet, nos résultats morphologiques et moléculaires ont révélé la présence de plusieurs espèces au sein des genres Apodera, Alocodera et Padaungiella. Cette nouvelle diversité a des impacts sur la biogéographie microbienne, car Apodera vas et Alocodera cockayni étaient auparavant considérées comme deux espèces non-cosmopolites avec des aires de répartition géographique très étendues et de grandes tolérances écologiques. Par conséquent, nous avons montré que la situation était beaucoup plus complexe, suggérant l'existence d'endémismes locaux étroits et de spécialistes écologiques, à l'instar des genres Hyalosphenia et Nebela (chapitre 5). Finalement, nous avons exploré la diversité du genre Nebela le long d’un gradient d’élévation (chapitre 6). Nous avons observé une diminution de l’abondance et de la diversité en haute altitude ce qui correspond à un effet typique de « milieu de domaine ». Notre étude a également révélé plusieurs phylotypes inconnus limités à de hautes altitudes qui semblent présenter une exclusion réciproque avec des taxons généralistes présents à des altitudes inférieures. En conclusion, cette thèse met en évidence que des méthodes moléculaires associées à des observations morphologiques robustes sont efficaces pour révéler et décrire la diversité des Amoebozoa. De plus, ces organismes microbiens possèdent des schémas biogéographiques et macro-écologiques similaires aux animaux, plantes et champignons, dès lors que ces groupes sont étudiés au même rang taxonomique, c'est-à-dire au niveau de l'espèce. ABSTRACT The world eukaryotic diversity is dominated by (mostly) single-celled organisms referred to as protists. Among them, the Amoebozoa are one of the most numerous, diverse and characteristic groups in soil, thus playing important roles in ecosystem functioning. However, their study has been impeded by the difficulty in detecting them and the lack of stable morphological traits in most groups. Nevertheless, some amoebozoans such as the Hyalospheniformes (Arcellinida) are characterized by a self-constructed test (i.e. shell) which facilitates their identification, and are then considered as a suitable model group for investigating diversity patterns of repartition. The recent development of DNA barcoding has helped considerably taxonomic identification, whereas metabarcoding has allowed revealing microbial community composition without observational and cultivation biases. These methods have proved efficient for several microbial groups, but only few studies have been designed for Amoebozoa and available protocols are still rather scarce. The aims of my thesis were then to 1) improve and develop molecular methods to study the amoebozoan diversity and ecology, 2) estimate their taxonomic and functional diversity in the soil, 3) improve the taxonomic and phylogenetic frame for this diversity in order to build a sound basis for further research and 4) characterize the ecological drivers which are likely to influence microbial diversity at local, continental and global scales. We first identified a new molecular marker to survey arcellinids taxa, which proved to be efficient for discriminating closely-related taxa and simultaneously investigating deep relationships among distant taxa (Chapter 2). In addition, we also adapted a metabarcoding protocol with specific COI primers to survey the diversity within the genus Nebela at a fine taxonomical resolution (Chapter 6). Then, we isolated, cultivated and described the first member of a deep-branching environmental clade of Amoebozoa (Chapter 3). This amoeba, one of the smallest amoeboid species described, presents a unique life cycle with an alternation of phagotrophic active trophozoites and osmotrophic fungi-like ramifications. Its presence has been pervasively reported in many soil metabarcoding studies, but this organism had never been characterized. By contrast, Hyalospheniformes are known since the works of Ehrenberg in the 19th century. However, their diversity at the species level remains poorly characterized. In chapter 4, we showed that the iconic testate amoeba species Nebela militaris did not belong to genus Nebela but branched as a separate entity in the Hyalospheniformes tree. Therefore, we erected the new genus Alabasta for this species (Chapter 4). In addition, we demonstrated that Hyalospheniformes diversity had been greatly underestimated. Indeed, our morphological and molecular results have revealed the presence for several species within the genera Apodera, Alocodera and Padaungiella. This new diversity has implications on microbial biogeography as Apodera vas and Alocodera cockayni were previously considered as two non-cosmopolite species with very broad geographical ranges and large ecological tolerances. Furthermore, we showed that the situation was far more complex, suggesting the existence of narrow local endemisms and ecological specialists, similarly to genera Hyalosphenia and Nebela (Chapter 5). Finally, we explored the diversity patterns of the genus Nebela along an elevation gradient (Chapter 6). We observed a decrease of abundance and diversity in high elevation corresponding to a typical mid-domain effect. Our study also revealed several unknown phylotypes restricted to the higher elevation that seemed to present competitive exclusion with the generalist taxa from lower elevation. In conclusion, this thesis highlights that molecular methods associated to robust morphological observations are efficient to reveal and describe the diversity of Amoebozoa. Furthermore, these microbial organisms display biogeographical and macroecological patterns similarly to animals, plants and fungi, when all groups are studied at the same taxonomical rank, i.e. species level.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Using testate amoeba community structure and functional diversity to assess the impact of climate changes on ecosystem functioning: finding relevant and convenient tools for bio-monitoring of "Sphagnum" peatlands evolution or recovery
    L’impact grandissant de l’homme sur les écosystèmes et les changements climatiques en cours font disparaître nombre de milieux naturels dans le monde. Il est aujourd’hui acquis que les écosystèmes naturels et la biodiversité ont un rôle important dans le bien-être de l’humanité et que les services qu’ils rendent ont une valeur monétaire qui peut être estimée (services écosystémiques). Parmi ces écosystèmes, les zones humides et les tourbières ont une importance particulière, liée autant à la flore très spécifique qui y vit qu’à leur rôle de puits de carbone. En effet, leurs sols, détrempés une grande partie de l’année, sont anoxiques et la matière organique s’y décompose très lentement. Elle s’y accumule, permettant de fixer dans le sol (la tourbe) du carbone atmosphérique. Mais cette fonction est liée directement à l’engorgement en eau, qui dépend du régime des précipitations et donc du climat. Dans un contexte de changement climatiques, mais aussi à une pression anthropique croissante, les tourbières sont partout dans le monde en voie de régression. En Suisse, par exemple, il ne reste actuellement que 10% des zones humides existantes au XIXème siècle. Dès lors, il est urgent de développer des outils qui permettent de suivre leur évolution.
    L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre au point des indicateurs permettant de suivre l’état des tourbières ainsi que leur fonctionnement en tant qu’écosystème. Les relevés de végétation utilisés depuis longtemps permettent de suivre les changements sur le long à très long terme ; cependant, cet outil est insuffisant pour documenter des changements rapides de l’ordre de quelques mois. En particulier, lors de travaux de revitalisation, il est difficile d’estimer l’impact des mesures prises (comme par exemple : manipulation de la nappe d’eau, réintroduction d’espèces végétales, etc.) sur le fonctionnement général de la tourbière. Si la végétation prendrait des années à se modifier, les communautés de micro-organismes vont réagir en effet beaucoup plus rapidement. Parmi ces micro-organismes, les amibes à thèques, un groupe de protistes unicellulaires se protégeant dans une coquille (appelé thèque), jouent un rôle prépondérant dans le réseau trophique des sols de tourbière et sont aujourd’hui reconnues comme étant de bonnes indicatrices de divers gradients tel l’humidité, le pH, les nutriments ou les polluants. Les thèques de ces organismes ont une forme caractéristique qui permet leur identification au niveau de l’espèce. Des traits morphologiques ont été corrélés aux préférences écologiques des espèces, et il est possible, en les observant, de mettre en évidence des filtres environnementaux. La définition des traits fonctionnels nécessite des expérimentations en milieu contrôlé pour définir clairement les corrélations entre les traits morphologiques et le fonctionnement de l’écosystème.
    Le premier article (chapitre 2) a permis de montrer qu’une sélection d’espèces d’amibes à thèque est plus finement corrélée aux changements de micro-gradients (humidité) que la végétation dans un gradient altitudinal de tourbières naturelles relativement préservées. En effet, dans cette étude, nous montrons qu’un pool de dix espèces d’amibes à thèque faciles à identifier, permettent de suivre la profondeur de la nappe le long du gradient gouille – buttes, à diverses altitudes alors que la végétation (globale ou séparée entre plantes vasculaires et bryophytes) est plutôt mieux corrélée à l’altitude et autocorrélée au site lui-même. Dès lors, ces dix espèces d’amibes sont de meilleures indicatrices de l’état et du fonctionnement de la tourbière.
    Dans le second article (chapitre 3), nous comparons la structure de la communauté d’amibes ainsi que la moyenne pondérée des traits fonctionnels entre une tourbière artificielle créée au Jardin Botanique de Neuchâtel (d’une surface d’environ 100m2) avec une tourbière naturelle en cours de régénération (Bois des Lattes, NE). Recréer une tourbière fonctionnelle à basse altitude est un solide défi, surtout lorsque la météo impose une longue sécheresse la première année. Nos résultats indiquent que la population d’amibes à thèque à fortement changé durant cette première année et semble indiquer que le fonctionnement de la tourbière a été profondément perturbé. En effet, la comparaison entre les communautés d’amibes sur le site de référence et les deux échantillonnages du jardin botanique (2015 et 2016) montrent des différences significatives ; alors que Corythion dubium représente environ 1/5-1/3 de tous les individus vivants rencontrés au jardin botanique, cette communauté est dominée par Difflugia sp. et Phryganella acropodia sur le site de référence (Bois des Lattes, NE). Par contre, sur la base des traits fonctionnels, le fonctionnement semble assez proche entre les sites, avec des signes indiquant un stress hydrique important mais comparable entre le site de référence (sphaignes sur tourbe nue) et le jardin botanique.
    La troisième partie de cette thèse nous a permis de corréler les traits fonctionnels avec la fluctuation de la nappe d’eau dans une situation contrôlée en mésocosmes. Dans la première phase de l’expérimentation (article 3, chapitre 4) le niveau d’eau a été réglé à −4cm (humide), −15cm (contrôle) et −25cm (sec) depuis le sommet des capitulums et plusieurs échantillonnages ont été réalisés durant 18 mois. Les traitements mouillés et contrôle ont peu changé durant cette phase, restant largement dominés par Hyalosphenia papilio, une espèce mixotrophe fréquente en tourbière et avec une bonne tolérance aux variations de la nappe. Dans les réplicas secs, nos résultats montrent que la population d’amibes à thèque répond rapidement au traitement en basculant vers des espèces connues pour mieux tolérer les conditions sèches (groupe de Nebela tincta, Corythion dubium). Les traits fonctionnels mis en évidence dans le traitement sec sont un biovolume plus petit, un pseudostome caché (ventral ou ventral-central) et étroit ainsi que la perte de la mixotrophie. Dans la seconde phase (papier 4, chapitre 5), nous avons simulé une situation de régénération en remontant le niveau d’eau à −10cm de la surface de la sphaigne. Quatre échantillonnages ont été pris en compte, le premier et le dernier de la première phase, ainsi que deux échantillons 2 et 6 mois après l’égalisation du niveau d’eau. Dans le traitement sec, la population d’amibes à thèque revient progressivement à son état du début de l’expérimentation avec une diminution des taxa adaptés aux conditions sèches et la réapparition de taxa corrélés à des conditions humides (et en particulier Hyalosphenia papilio). La moyenne pondérée des traits fonctionnels se modifie indiquant des contraintes environnementales moins drastiques. De façon intéressante, certains échantillons des traitements humides et contrôle ont vu leur communauté d’amibes ainsi que leur moyenne pondérée de traits indiquer que la situation locale était plus sèche et reflétait ainsi l’état de la sphaigne dans laquelle l’échantillonnage s’est fait.
    Cette thèse permet de montrer le potentiel de bio-indication des amibes à thèque et de leurs traits fonctionnels dans le suivi des tourbières, que ce soit pour suivre des mesures de revitalisation ou pour faire un diagnostic de leur état et de leur fonctionnement. L’approche par les traits, en contournant la difficulté d’une identification des taxa très précise et en mettant en évidence les mécanismes en cours, permettrait de créer un outil de bio-indication basé sur des classes de traits et des proportions, ne nécessitant pas l’utilisation de statistiques complexes., Human activity and ongoing climate changes have an increasing impact on ecosystems and lead to the loss of several natural habitats. Ecosystems provide functions contributing to human well-being and these functions could be estimated based on a monetary value. Among these ecosystems, wetlands and peatlands are of primary importance, by hosting a specific flora and acting as a carbon sink. Their waterlogged soils are anoxic, and the mineralisation of the organic matter is slow. Organic matter accumulates in the peat and thus fixes atmospheric carbon in soil. But this function is directly linked to the humidity content, which depends on precipitation rate and local climate. With ongoing climate changes and human pressure on peatlands, these ecosystems are regressing all over the world. In Switzerland for example only 10% of the wetlands, that still existed in the 19th century, remained until now. Henceforth, developing tools that allow the monitoring of peatlands has become a key priority.
    The aim of this thesis was to develop bio-indicators that can be used to monitor the status and functioning of Sphagnum peatlands. Until now, monitoring of Sphagnum peatlands was mainly conducted through vegetation surveys. However, as vegetation responds to perturbation with a delay, its power to assess short term changes is limited. Particularly, it is difficult to estimate the impact of revitalisation actions (i.e. manipulation of water table, introduction of vegetation, etc.) on the global functioning of the peatland. While vegetation takes years to reflect changes, micro-organismal communities will react sooner. Among these micro-organisms, testate amoebae, a group of unicellular protists building a shell (test), play an important role in food web functioning in Sphagnum peatland’s soils and are well correlated to local changes. They are now used to monitor various gradients like humidity, pH, nutrients contents and pollutants. The shell is characteristic and allows the identification to species level. Recently morphological traits were correlated to ecological preferences of taxa and studies use them to underline environmental gradients. However, studies in control conditions are needed to define functional traits i.e. traits that are correlated with environmental filters. Therefore a clear definition of the correlation between morphological traits and ecosystem functioning is necessary.
    In this thesis we showed that a group of selected testate amoeba taxa is more precisely correlated to microgradient (humidity content) than vegetation along an altitudinal gradient of Sphagnum peatlands in Switzerland. We demonstrated that these ten selected taxa, which were easy to determine, allow to monitor the water table depth along the pool – hummock gradient at each elevation while vegetation (global or vascular plant and bryophytes separately) was better correlated to elevation or autocorrelated to the site itself. Henceforth, these ten testate amoeba taxa describe the status and functioning of the bogs more precisely. In addition we compared the structure of testate amoeba community and community weighted mean of functional traits between an artificial peatbog (covering an area of 100m2) set up in the Botanical Garden in Neuchâtel and a regenerated bog in Bois des Lattes (NE). Rebuilding a fully functional Sphagnum peatbog at low elevation is challenging, especially with long warm and dry periods during the first year. Our results showed that testate amoeba community structure changed drastically during this first year and seemed to indicate that the bog functioning was deeply disturbed. Henceforth, the comparison between the community structure found on bare peat in Bois des Lattes and the living community structure found in both samplings (2015 and 2016) in the Botanical Garden was significantly different. In the Botanical Garden, Corythion dubium represented ca. 20% to 30% of the whole living population while the Difflugia genus and Phryganella acropodial dominated sampling in Bois des Lattes (ca. 25%). On the other hand, the global functioning of both sites appeared to be quite similar based on functional traits and indicated a water stressed situation. Thus, even if the community structure was relatively different between the Botanical Garden bog and Bois des Lattes, the global functioning remained in the same range in both sites.
    We also monitored the changes in testate amoeba community structure and correlated functional traits with water table fluctuations in a controlled experiment i.e. mesocosms. We assessed the response of testate amoeba community structure and weighted mean of traits to three levels of water tables, wet (-4cm), intermediate (-15cm, taken as control) and dry (-25cm). In wet and intermediate plots, little changes occurred over 18 months and the community stayed largely dominated by Hyalosphenia papilio, a mixotrophic taxa common in Sphagnum peatlands and with a relatively wide tolerance to fluctuation in water level depths. In dry plots, the shift in community structure occurred rapidly and taxa related to dryer conditions dominated the community (Nebela tincta group, Corythion dubium). In these plots, the shift in community weighted mean of functional traits went towards small taxa, with a small hidden pseudostome (ventral and ventral-central) and the loss of mixotrophy. In the follow-up of this experiment, we simulated a regeneration situation by putting the water level at -10cm in all plots. Four samplings were taken into account, the first and the last of the previous experiment and two additional samplings were done, two and six months after the rewetting. Our results showed that, during the recovery period, the community structure of testate amoebae reflected the change in water level, in the former dry treatment. Taxa living in more humid conditions like H. papilio, recovered whereas N. tincta, and C. dubium, taxa related to dry conditions, regressed in community structure. The community weighted mean of traits shifted and indicated that the environmental constraints were less drastic in theses plots. Interestingly, the community structure and the weighted mean of traits in some former wet and intermediate plots indicated that the local conditions should be dryer and, indeed, this reflected the state of Sphagnum stems which was very dry in these plots.
    This thesis confirms the bio-indication potential of testate amoeba communities and functional traits in Sphagnum peatlands monitoring. This can be used either for a follow- up of the revitalisation measures or to diagnose their functioning. The trait based approach, by circumventing the difficulties of precise identification and by highlighting ongoing processes, provide cues to build bio-indication tools based on functional trait classes and proportion without the need of complex statistics. Moreover, assessing the success of restoration measures is important to assess the role of peatlands in the carbon cycle. In this context, easy to handle bio-monitoring tools better correlated to very local hydrologic conditions are needed and testate amoeba community structure and community weighted mean of functional traits could play this role.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Phylogeny, systematics and ecology of free living protists: case study: family Hyalospheniidae
    Despite the fact that free-living protists compose the major part of Earth’s eukaryotic biodiversity and play numerous essential roles in ecosystems, knowledge on their true diversity, evolution and ecology remain highly limited.
    In this thesis I choose testate amoebae as a model group to address several key questions on the diversity, evolution and ecology of free-living protists. Family Hyalospheniidae is one of the most species-rich and conspicuous families of testate amoebae combining species with a broad range of test shapes and ultra-structures. Some species are easily identifiable but several species complexes are composed of an unknown number of cryptic and pseudocryptic forms. Thus this is an excellent model group to address open questions on the concept of the species in free-living protists, to assess the validity of characters used to define “true species” and to reveal the true diversity and ecology of these organisms. The studies presented in this thesis are based on the combination of morphological (light and scanning-electron microscopy) and molecular approaches (mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 - COI - sequence data).
    We used COI to assess the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of the family Hyalospheniidae in order to assess the validity of morphological characters within this group (Chapter 1). The COI data successfully separated all studied morphospecies and revealed the existence of several cryptic species. The phylogenetic analysis shows that genus Nebela was paraphyletic and could be split into genus Nebela s.str. and a newly defined genus, Padaungiella. Family Hyalospheniidae Schulze was redefined: Genus Quadrulella, one of the few arcellinid genera building its shell from self-secreted siliceous elements, the mixotrophic Hyalosphenia papilio, and six other genera of true Nebelids (Apodera, Alocodera, Certesella, Nebela, Porosia, Padaungiella) were included in this family, while genera Argynnia and Physochila did not. Thus we redefined the family as Hyalospheniidae Kosakyan et Lara, which now includes Hyalosphenia, Quadrulella (previously in the Lesquereusiidae) and all true Nebelids. We defined the general morphology of the shell and the presence of an organic rim around the aperture as synapomorphies for Hyalospheniidae.
    Our next task was to analyse in more depth the complex group of species in the Hyalospheniids.
    We examined the relationship between the morphological and genetic diversity within two species complexes, Nebela collaris s.l. and Quadrulella symmetrica s.l. We combined analyses of light microscopy imaging and COI sequence data obtained from the same individual single cell (Chapters 2 and 3). We showed that small variations in test morphology easily overlooked by traditional taxonomy corresponded to separate, sometimes quite divergent, genotypes. The position of each taxa within species complex was revised, and overall the taxonomy of these two species complexes was redefined.
    We developed a method to estimate the qualitative and quantitative community structure of Nebela collaris species complex from environmental samples, and validated this approach through microscopic observations (Chapter 4). We assessed the relative biomass and density of species using cloning-sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxydase (COI) gene amplified from environmental DNA and from artificial communities. Comparisons with direct microscopy counts showed that the COI clone library data were correlated to community counts corrected for biovolume, which allowed making inferences about individual taxon abundance and biomass in a community. We then used this approach to define the ecological niches of closely related /cryptic species in the different microhabitats that compose a peatland complex (Appendix I, contribution as a second author). Our sequence analysis revealed four of the seven barcoded Nebela collaris s.l. species, plus two new genotypes of yet unknown morphology. Species ranged from generalists found in most habitats (e.g. N. collaris) to specialists, encountered only but pervasively in particular habitats (e.g. N. rotunda in forested bogs). Experimental approaches would be needed to assess whether the observed niches correspond to the ecological optimum of the different species or if some at least are pushed towards less favourable habitats by competition. Our study suggests that speciation should have occurred sympatrically by specialization towards divergent niches instead of through geographical isolation.
    My direct contribution to the taxonomy of this group was the introduction of one new genus Padaungiella Lara et Todorov, and four novel species of Nebela: N. aliciae Mitchell et Lara, N. guttata Kosakyan et Lara, N. meisterfeldi Heger et Mitchell, N. pechorensis Kosakyan et Mitchell. Additionally at least 3 potentially new Quadrulella species will be described (work in progress).
    Finally we compiled all known taxonomic, molecular and ecological data on hyalospheniid testate amoeba in a monograph entitled “Family Hyalospheniidae” (Chapter 5). Based on a careful revision of historical data combined with recent molecular data, this work aims at establishing a clear state of the art of current knowledge on the diversity of this family, providing improved species descriptions of hyalospheniid testate amoebae and hopefully to familiarize a broader audience with these beautiful protists.
    Overall my thesis illustrates how traditional taxonomy often underestimates the true diversity of microorganisms, and calls for a renewed research effort on the taxonomy of free-living protists. My work contributes of understanding of a tiny piece of microbial diversity and shows how a combination of morphological and molecular approached can help improving our knowledge on the evolution, systematics and ecology of these organisms.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    The perils of taxonomic inconsistency in quantitative palaeoecology: experiments with testate amoeba data
    (2011)
    Payne, Richard J.
    ;
    Lamentowicz, Mariucz
    ;
    A fundamental requirement of quantitative palaeoecology is consistent taxonomy between a modern training set and palaeoecological data. In this study we assess the possible consequences of violation of this requirement by simulating taxonomic errors in testate amoeba data. Combinations of easily confused taxa were selected, and data manipulated to reflect confusion of these taxa; transfer functions based on unmodified data were then applied to these modified data sets. Initially these experiments were carried out one error at a time using four modern training sets; subsequently, multiple errors were separately simulated both in four modern training sets and in four palaeoecological data sets. Some plausible taxonomic confusions caused major biases in reconstructed values. In the case of two palaeoecological data sets, a single consistent taxonomic error was capable of changing the pattern of environmental reconstruction beyond all recognition, totally removing any real palaeoenvironmental signal. The issue of taxonomic consistency is one that many researchers would rather ignore; our results show that the consequences of this may ultimately be severe.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Rediscovery of Nebela ansata (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) in eastern North America: biogeographical implications
    (2011)
    Heger, Thierry J.
    ;
    Booth, Robert K.
    ;
    Sullivan, Maura E.
    ;
    Wilkinson, David M.
    ;
    Warner, Barry G.
    ;
    Asada, Taro
    ;
    Mazei, Yuri
    ;
    Meisterfeld, Ralf
    ;
    Aim  The question whether free-living protists are generally cosmopolitan is currently a matter of debate. In this study we investigate the geographical distribution of a distinctive testate amoeba species, Nebela ansata, and use our data to assess the potential for highly restricted distribution patterns in some protist species.
    Location  Global.
    Methods  We analysed (1) 3400 testate amoeba publications from North America and other continents, (2) unpublished slides of the Penard Collection of the Natural History Museum, London, UK, and (3) 104 Sphagnum samples from eastern North America. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was used to visualize the similarities in testate amoeba community composition among 1012 North American samples, including two communities that contained N. ansata.
    Results  We rediscovered N. ansata at a site in New Jersey located close to its type locality, and in Nova Scotia. We also report the existence of an apparently unpublished museum specimen originally collected from New Jersey. Our extensive literature survey confirmed the presence of this species only in the temperate part of eastern North America. The NMDS revealed that communities with N. ansata were less similar to each other than to communities from other parts of North America, suggesting that favourable habitats for N. ansata occur in other Sphagnum-dominated peatlands, a habitat type that has been extensively sampled in North America and elsewhere.
    Main conclusions  These data provide an unusually convincing case of a free-living microorganism with a very limited distribution range in the temperate part of eastern North America. The remarkably restricted distribution of N. ansata highlights the extent of our ignorance about the natural history of free-living microorganisms, and raises questions about the lack of attention to microbial diversity in conservation biology.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Comparing Potential COI and SSU rDNA Barcodes for Assessing the Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships of Cyphoderiid Testate Amoebae (Rhizaria: Euglyphida)
    (2011)
    Heger, Thierry J.
    ;
    Pawlowski, Jan
    ;
    ;
    Leander, Brian S.
    ;
    Todorov, Milcho
    ;
    Golemansky, Vassil
    ;
    The mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 gene (COI) has been promoted as an ideal “DNA barcode” for animal species and other groups of eukaryotes. However, the utility of the COI marker for species level discrimination and for phylogenetic analyses has yet to be tested within the Rhizaria. Accordingly, we analysed mitochondrial COI gene sequences and nuclear small subunit rDNA (SSU) sequences from several morphospecies of euglyphid testate amoebae (Cercozoa, Rhizaria) in order to evaluate the utility of these DNA markers for species discrimination and phylogenetic reconstructions. Sequences were obtained from eleven populations belonging to six Cyphoderia morphospecies that were isolated from field samples in North America and Europe. Mean inter-population COI sequence dissimilarities were on average 2.9 times greater than in the SSU, while the intra-population sequence dissimilarities were higher in the SSU (0-0.95%) than in the COI (0%); this suggests that the COI fragment is valuable for discriminating Cyphoderiidae isolates. Our study also demonstrated that COI sequences are useful for inferring phylogenetic relationships among Cyphoderiidae isolates. COI and SSU tree topologies were very similar even though the COI fragment used in these analyses (500 bp) was much shorter than the SSU sequences (1600 bp). Altogether, these results demonstrate the utility of the COI as a potential taxonomic DNA barcode for assessing cyphoderiid species diversity and for inferring phylogenetic relationships within the group.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Highly Diverse and Seasonally Dynamic Protist Community in a Pristine Peat Bog
    (2011) ; ;
    Moreira, David
    ;
    López-García, Purificación
    Culture-independent molecular methods based on the amplification, cloning and sequencing of small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes (SSU rDNAs) are powerful tools to study the diversity of microorganisms. Despite so, the eukaryotic microbial diversity of many ecosystems, including peatlands has not yet received much attention. We analysed the eukaryotic diversity by molecular surveys in water from the centre of a pristine Sphagnum-dominated peatland in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland during a complete seasonal cycle. The clone libraries constructed from five different temporal samplings revealed a high diversity of protists with representatives of all major eukaryotic phyla. In addition, four sequence types could not be assigned to any known high-level eukaryotic taxon but branched together with a rather good statistic support, raising the possibility of a novel, deep branching eukaryotic clade. The analysis of seasonal patterns of phylotypes showed a clear change in the eukaryotic communities between the warm period (late spring and summer) and the cold period (autumn and winter). Chrysophytes dominated the samples in the cold period while testate amoebae (Arcellinida and Euglyphida) and a few other groups peaked in summer. A few phylotypes (such as a cryptomonad and a perkinsid) were abundant at given sampling times and then almost disappeared, suggesting bloom-like dynamics.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Response of testate amoeba assemblages to environmental and climatic changes during the Lateglacial–Holocene transition at Lake Lautrey (Jura Mountains, eastern France)
    (2010)
    Wall, Adeline A. J.
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    Magny, Michel
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    ;
    Vannière, Boris
    ;
    Gilbert, Daniel
    We tested the response of lacustrine testate amoebae (thecamoebians) to climate and environmental changes for the Lateglacial–Holocene transition. The palaeoenvironmental history of the study site (Lake Lautrey, Jura Mountains, eastern France) was previously established based on high-resolution multi-proxy studies of the same core. The present study is characterised by a high taxonomic resolution (54 taxa), inclusion of small species (down to 25 µm) and high total counts (>500 individuals per sample on average). Changes in the composition of testate amoeba assemblages (dominant species and assemblage structure), as well as in the accumulation rate (tests cm−2 a−1), corresponded to major climatic phases (i.e. Oldest Dryas, Bølling–Allerød Interstadial, Younger Dryas, Preboreal) as well as changes in organic matter inputs. Furthermore, decreases in the accumulation rate characterised minor short-lived cooling events, such as Older Dryas event or Gerzensee oscillation. However, the Preboreal oscillation, which was well registered by other proxies at Lake Lautrey, could not be recognised in the testate amoeba record. This work demonstrates that lacustrine testate amoebae can be used for palaeoclimatic and palaeoecological reconstructions. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the relation between climate, organic matter and lacustrine testate amoebae requires further high-resolution studies based on multi-proxy approaches and the development of appropriate modern analogues.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    COI gene and ecological data suggest size-dependent high dispersal and low intra-specific diversity in free-living terrestrial protists (Euglyphida: Assulina)
    (2010) ;
    Heger, Thierry J.
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    Scheihing, Rodrigo
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    Aim  Propagule size and ecological requirements are believed to be major factors influencing the passive dispersal of free-living terrestrial protists. We compared the colonization potential of three closely related testate amoeba species (Assulina muscorum, A. seminulum, A. scandinavica, ranging from 40 to 100 μm in length).
    Location  Europe.
    Methods  We collected individual Assulina species cells from Sphagnum peatlands across Europe. We sequenced a 550-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) to estimate the within-species variability, as a proxy for gene flow. We reviewed existing ecological and palaeoecological data to assess the ecological tolerance of Assulina species and how rapidly they colonized developing peatlands.
    Results  We obtained COI sequences for 30 individuals of A. seminulum from eleven sites, for 39 of A. muscorum from six sites, and for six of A. scandinavica from two sites. We observed three haplotypes for A. seminulum and two for A. muscorum, often co-existing in the same sites. The sequences of A. scandinavica from the two sites were identical. Assulina muscorum and A. seminulum haplotypes varied by only 1–2 nucleotides, resulting in >99.5% similarity. Genetic diversity within A. seminulum was higher than that within A. muscorum. Ecological and palaeoecological records showed that A. muscorum was much more frequent and abundant than A. seminulum, and had a somewhat broader ecological tolerance for pH, moisture and water-table depth. Assulina muscorum always appeared early during the developmental history of peatlands, either before or simultaneously with A. seminulum.
    Main conclusions  The lack of genetic structure observed with a variable marker such as COI suggests high gene flow between the sites and thus rapid transport (at an evolutionary scale) over large distances, in agreement with the palaeoecological records. Thus, geographical distance alone does not seem to prevent the dispersal of testate amoebae, at least within Europe. Nevertheless, genetic diversity was significantly lower within A. muscorum than within A. seminulum, suggesting that its smaller size and abundance and/or broader ecological tolerance influence its effective dispersal capacity. These results are in agreement with the often earlier colonization of peatlands by A. muscorum and its broader ecological tolerance.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Testate Amoebae Examined by Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy: Implications for Taxonomy and Ecophysiology
    (2010)
    Burdíková, Zuzana
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    Čapek, Martin
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    Ostašov, Pavel
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    Machač, Jiří
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    Pelc, Radek
    ;
    ;
    Kubínová, Lucie
    Testate amoebae (TA) are a group of free-living protozoa, important in ecology and paleoecology. Testate amoebae taxonomy is mainly based on the morphological features of the shell, as examined by means of light microscopy or (environmental) scanning electron microscopy (SEM/ESEM). We explored the potential applications of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), two photon excitation microscopy (TPEM), phase contrast, differential interference contrast (DIC Nomarski), and polarization microscopy to visualize TA shells and inner structures of living cells, which is not possible by SEM or environmental SEM. Images captured by CLSM and TPEM were utilized to create three-dimensional (3D) visualizations and to evaluate biovolume inside the shell by stereological methods, to assess the function of TA in ecosystems. This approach broadens the understanding of TA cell and shell morphology, and inner structures including organelles and endosymbionts, with potential implications in taxonomy and ecophysiology.