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  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    From one recession to another: Longitudinal impacts on the quality of life of vulnerable groups
    At the beginning of the 2000s, Switzerland went through two global recessions: the Dot-com crisis and the Great Recession. Even though it experienced milder effects compared to its European neighbours, Swiss unemployment increased considerably compared to its status quo. This paper aims to explore the resilience of vulnerable groups to these economic downturns using both objective (income poverty and material deprivation) and subjective (wellbeing and satisfaction with the financial situation) indicators of quality of life. To analyse how quality of life evolved since the early 2000s, we use a longitudinal database: the Swiss Household Panel. When both objective and subjective indicators were used, our results suggest that the dot-com crisis had a stronger negative effect on vulnerable groups. This was particularly true with regards to single parents and large families who experienced a marked decline when assessed using objective indicators. Disadvantaged groups during the first crisis reacted in different ways during the second crisis. Some groups (the unemployed, the low-educated and the solo self-employed) experienced some scarring effects; others were resilient and continued with their normal trends (migrants and the young) or registered an improvement in their conditions (single parents and large families). Single parents are the group that performed better during and after the Great Recession according to both objective and subjective indicators.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    What do student jobs on graduate CVs signal to employers?
    (2020) ;
    Caers, Ralf
    ;
    Cuypers, Laure
    ;
    De Couck, Marijke
    ;
    Neyt, Brecht
    ;
    Van Borm, Hannah
    ;
    Baert, Stijn
    Due to the prevalence and important consequences of student work, the topic has seen an increased interest in the literature. However, to date the focus has been solely on measuring the effect of student employment on later labour market outcomes, relying on signalling theory to explain the observed effects. In the current study, we go beyond measuring the effect of student work and we examine for the first time what exactly is being signalled by student employment. We do this by means of a vignette experiment in which we ask 242 employers to evaluate a set of five fictitious profiles. Whereas all types of student work signal a better work attitude, a larger social network, a greater sense of responsibility, an increased motivation, and more maturity, only student employment in line with a job candidate’s field of study is a signal of increased human capital and increased trainability.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    A Review of Transnational Migrant Entrepreneurship: Perspectives on Unequal Spatialities
    The spatialities of migrant entrepreneurship have changed dynamically in recent decades. Movements and exchanges transcend national borders more than ever, and transnational migrant entrepreneurship has become a burgeoning field of research. Yet, knowledge is dispersed across disciplines, and an understanding of contemporary spatialities is limited. We review 155 articles published in English, French, German, and Spanish since 2009, thereby providing an overview of existing knowledge on transnational migrant entrepreneurship and suggesting avenues for future research. We identify five current topical areas of research: (1) the business advantages of transnational migrant entrepreneurship, (2) the determinants of becoming a transnational migrant entrepreneur, (3) the transnational networks of migrants, (4) the economic impacts of transnational migrant entrepreneurship on home and host countries, and (5) whether local environments enable or deter entrepreneurial success. Building on our synthesis of the most recent literature, we propose three crucial dimensions which have been under-researched in past and current work, and which address the diversity of geographical locations, spatial connections, and spatial mobilities involved in transnational migrant entrepreneurship. Moreover, we put forward a set of questions for future research which will advance a comprehension of unequal opportunities among transnational migrant entrepreneurs.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    International students in Switzerland:: trajectories, stay rates, and intentions for post-graduate mobility
    (2019) ; ; ;
    van Mol, Christof
    ;
    Wiers-Jenssen, Jannecke
    L'augmentation de la mobilité internationale des étudiants (MIE) est devenue l'une des principales caractéristiques de la migration contemporaine. Dans un contexte de mobilité mondiale croissante et de mondialisation de l'enseignement supérieur, la migration internationale des étudiants vers la Suisse est en train de changer de manière significative, tant de par son ampleur que dans sa spécificité. La mobilité des étudiants étrangers, en raison de leur importance dans les flux migratoires actuels, fait l'objet d'une attention accrue dans les études sur les migrations et les débats politiques. Cette thèse donne un éclairage sur le caractère et la dynamique de la MIE en analysant les trajectoires migratoires des étudiants étrangers en Suisse. L'étude vise à découvrir des schémas et à identifier les facteurs qui ont une incidence positive ou négative sur les taux de séjour des étudiants étrangers et leur intégration subséquente dans le marché de l'emploi suisse, propose un cadre pour la mobilité des étudiants et, enfin, en discute les résultats dans le contexte actuel des changements en matière de politiques et débats migratoires, en incluant un regard sur les politiques migratoires en dehors de Suisse. Cette thèse est composée de quatre sections qui attirent l'attention sur a) les taux de séjour des étudiants étrangers, b) l'intention de rester en Suisse en tenant compte du statut de partenaire, c) l'intégration sur le marché suisse du travail et d) l'évolution des politiques en la matière. Les données statistiques proviennent d'un ensemble de données fusionnées du Système d'Information Universitaire Suisse (SIUS) et du Système d'Information Central sur la Migration (SYMIC), d'une série d'enquêtes sur les diplômés en Suisses et du NCCR Mobility-Migration Survey. Les méthodes statistiques sont utilisées pour tester une série de facteurs statiques et dynamiques, tels que les caractéristiques sociales et démographiques (nationalité, sexe, âge, état civil), ainsi que les caractéristiques éducatives (domaine d'étude, résultats des études, établissement d'enseignement supérieur). En outre, les procès-verbaux du discours politique de l'initiative parlementaire qui a conduit à des amendements de loi sont examinés. Enfin, les résultats sur les trajectoires éducatives des étudiants internationaux sont discutés dans le contexte des changements dans les politiques migratoires suisses., Increased international student mobility (ISM) has become one of the salient features of contemporary global migration. In the context of growing global mobility and the globalization of higher education, international student migration to Switzerland is changing significantly in both extent and character. Due to the importance of international students in current migration flows, their mobility is receiving increased attention in migration studies and policy debates. This dissertation sheds light on the character and dynamics of ISM by analyzing the migration trajectories of international students in Switzerland. The study aims to discover patterns and identify factors which have a positive or negative impact on the stay rates of international students and their subsequent integration into the Swiss labour market, proposes a framework for student mobility, and finally discusses the results in a context of current changes in migration policies and debates including a glance at migration policies outside Switzerland. The thesis is composed of four sections which draw attention to a) stay rates of international students, b) intentions to stay in Switzerland, taking partnership status into account, c) integration into the Swiss labour market, and d) changes in relevant policies. The statistical data originates from various datasets on international students, from a merged dataset of the Swiss Higher Education Information System (SHIS) and the Central Migration Information System (ZEMIS)1, a series of the Swiss Graduate Surveys, and the NCCR Mobility and Migration Survey. Statistical methods are used to test a series of static and dynamic factors, such as social and demographic characteristics (nationality, gender, age, civil status), as well as educational characteristics (study field, study performance, the higher education institution). Furthermore, the minutes of the discourse of the parliamentary initiative that led to law amendments are examined. Finally, the results on the educational trajectories of international students are discussed in the context of recent changes in Swiss migration policies.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    La main-d'oeuvre étrangère dans l'agriculture suisse : rôle et enjeux: Etude de cas auprès de producteurs de lait en Suisse romande
    À travers des témoignages d’agriculteurs de Suisse romande, ce travail de mémoire aborde le rôle et les enjeux des employés étrangers dans l’agriculture helvétique. Cette main-d’oeuvre représente près de 70% des personnes extrafamiliales actives dans les fermes suisses. En postulant que le marché du travail n’est pas statique mais qu’il est influencé par des caractéristiques sociales, économiques, politiques et culturelles qui évoluent dans le temps, trois axes de recherche ont été mobilisés : 1) les profils des travailleurs recherchés par les employeurs 2) les structures institutionnelles (formelles et informelles) qui incitent les agriculteurs à embaucher une main-d’oeuvre étrangère 3) les pratiques de recrutement des exploitants agricoles. Adoptant une perspective centrée sur les employeurs, ce travail explore des pistes encore peu étudiées pour comprendre les migrations de travail ; dans ce cas, celles des personnes peu qualifiées.

    Les résultats de l’étude démontrent que les agriculteurs recherchent une main-d’oeuvre flexible, disponible pour des horaires irréguliers et des conditions de travail difficiles. Les discours des interlocuteurs révèlent non seulement la construction de l’adéquation entre l’offre de travail étrangère et la demande locale, mais également la déconstruction des facteurs expliquant la pénurie de main-d’oeuvre indigène. Les évolutions sociétales, telles que la modification de la démographie de l’offre de travail et la dégradation de la figure paysanne, impactent aussi le monde agricole et ses travailleurs. Enfin, les pratiques de recrutement, presque exclusivement à travers les réseaux sociaux des employés et des employeurs, renforcent et reproduisent le rôle de la migration dans l’agriculture suisse. Nuançant la dépendance de l’agriculture à la main-d’oeuvre étrangère et discutant des logiques néolibérales imposées dans la quasi-totalité des marchés, y compris les petites exploitations familiales, le travail se termine par une conclusion réflexive sur l’agriculture actuelle et sa main-d’oeuvre.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Imagination and social movements
    Whether explicitly mentioned or not, imagination plays a key role in social movements. People’s dissatisfaction with what is, their imagining of how things once were better, or of how things may become, often supports social movements. Social movements can, in turn, bring about new imaginations for people. After defining the notion of imagination and social movements, drawing on recent research, we review the literature along three main axes: the role of temporality in the relation between social movements and imagination; the relation between collective identities, social movement and imagination; and the resources that support imagination and social movements. We conclude by highlighting further dimensions to analyse the dynamics of imagination, which may open new ways to analyse the trajectories of social movements.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Bureaucracies Under Judicial Control? Relational Discretion in the Implementation of Immigration Detention in Swiss Cantons
    Based on interviews with bureaucrats and judges in several Swiss cantons, this article analyzes how bureaucrats decide to order immigration detention and how the judicial review shapes their decisions. The authors argue that discretionary decision-making regarding immigration detention is structured by the web of relationships in which decision-makers are embedded and affected by the practices of other street-level actors. The varying cantonal configurations result in heterogenous bureaucratic practices that affect the profiles and numbers of persons being detained. In particular, differences in judges’ interpretation of legal principles, as well as in their expectations, strongly affect bureaucratic decisions.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Measuring Hiring Discrimination – A History of Field Experiments in Discrimination Research
    Ethnic and racial discrimination in the hiring process is a common and documented problem. Scientists from different backgrounds and numerous countries have tried to measure the extent of this form of discrimination, mostly by using field experiments such as audit or correspondence tests. This paper will provide an overview of the literature on measuring discrimination in more general terms as well as reviewing the studies already conducted that focus on ethnic or racial discrimination in hiring. It will focus on how discrimination is defined in different disciplines, on the historical political context in which field experiments have emerged once anti-discrimination legislation was adopted in the US and the UK and how the technique was developed further over time. Methodological issues such as the difference between audit (i.e. in-person) and correspondence test (i.e. CV-based) will be addressed as well as the ethical and legal stumbling blocks researchers can encounter when conducting field experiments. It will be shown that today’s field experiments not only cover a wider group of countries, professions or minority groups, but also increasingly add more variables to the testing. Despite this variety in the research designs, this paper concludes that certain trends can be observed in all tests and that discrimination in hiring can be found in all countries where field experiments were conducted.